Perth, the capital of Western Australia, has a remarkable history that blends Indigenous heritage, colonial beginnings, and modern development. Founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony, the city stands on the traditional lands of the Whadjuk Noongar people, whose ancestors have inhabited the region for at least 48,000 years. Named after the Scottish city of Perth, it was initially established as a free settlement but began accepting transported convicts from 1850 to support public works and infrastructure projects. In 1856, Queen Victoria officially proclaimed Perth a city.

The late 19th century brought rapid growth as gold discoveries in Western Australia drew fortune seekers and settlers, transforming Perth into a bustling hub of opportunity. Following World War II, the city saw another population boom, driven by high migration rates from the British Isles and Southern Europe. In more recent decades, an increasing number of migrants from Asia have contributed to Perth’s rich cultural diversity. By 1984, Perth had overtaken Adelaide to become Australia’s fourth-largest city, further strengthened by mining booms that established it as the administrative centre for the state’s vast resource industry.

Today, Perth is recognized globally for its exceptional quality of life. Ranked among the world’s most liveable cities, it was classified as a Beta global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2020. The metropolitan region extends roughly 125 kilometres from north to south and 45 kilometres inland, encompassing over 350 suburbs within 30 local government areas. Major urban centres such as Fremantle, Joondalup, Midland, Armadale, and Rockingham each retain their distinct identities despite being part of the greater Perth area. Mandurah, Western Australia’s second-largest city, forms a continuous urban corridor with Perth yet remains administratively independent.

Perth’s landscape is enriched by its extensive green spaces and natural attractions. Kings Park and Botanic Garden, one of the largest inner-city parks in the world, draws millions of visitors each year. The city’s pristine beaches—especially Cottesloe Beach—and scenic Rottnest Island highlight its coastal charm. Cultural and historic landmarks such as the Perth Mint, the WA Museum Boola Bardip, and the World Heritage-listed Fremantle Prison showcase its deep connection to both history and progress. Home to all five of Western Australia’s major universities, Perth is also a centre for education, research, and innovation. Supported by Fremantle Harbour and Perth Airport, the city continues to grow as a gateway between Australia and the world—balancing its proud heritage with an ambitious, forward-looking spirit.