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Lastly, you'll be under the watchful eye of trained professionals throughout your session. Choosing Evolve-X at Manhas Health Co isn't just about changing how you look; it's about embracing a healthier, more confident you. Next, we'll conduct a thorough assessment of your skin or the areas you wish to improve. While we celebrate these incredible transformations, it's crucial to emphasize that your safety and comfort are always at the forefront of our services. We take into account your skin type, aesthetic preferences, and overall health to recommend the most effective treatments. Learn more about New Westminster Botox Treatments here
Pain and discomfort can be part of the recovery process, but they should be manageable with the prescribed pain relief methods or medications. Learn more about New Westminster Botox Clinic here. It's hassle-free and available 24/7, so you can schedule your visit whenever it's most convenient for you. This boost in collagen means fine lines and wrinkles can become less noticeable, giving you a more rejuvenated appearance.

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Laser hair removal offers a long-term solution for unwanted hair, directly targeting hair follicles without damaging the surrounding skin.
Morpheus 8, leveraging microneedling combined with radiofrequency energy, excels in tightening skin, reducing wrinkles, and improving texture. At Manhas Health Co., we're not just keeping up with the latest trends; we're setting them. There's no downtime, so you can jump back into your daily routine immediately after. Products containing Vitamin C or E can fight free radicals, reducing the risk of damage to your rejuvenated skin.
Feeling good about your intimate areas can profoundly impact your overall well-being and intimacy. They understand that every individual's journey to self-confidence is unique, which is why they tailor their services to meet your specific desires and concerns. Lastly, consider adding antioxidants to your skincare routine. You'll not only notice a reduction in hair loss, but also a significant improvement in hair density and thickness.

Your practitioner will work closely with you, utilizing Evolve-X's capabilities to design a program that addresses your concerns, whether it's your abdomen, thighs, arms, or any area in need of enhancement. Botox injections During your appointment, you'll experience gentle heating and laser technology applied to the vaginal tissue. This innovative technique uses focused light beams to treat various skin concerns, such as wrinkles, scars, and hyperpigmentation, ensuring you get the most precise and effective results. This means you're not just another appointment in their day; you're a valued client whose skin care goals are taken seriously.

Every detail, from the ambient lighting to the ergonomically designed furniture, is tailored to enhance your experience. You're not just investing in a temporary fix; you're embracing an opportunity to redefine your features with results that can last from several months to a couple of years, depending on the product used. This innovative treatment tightens and firms your skin, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles that often betray your years.

The before and after photos that Manhas Health Co.

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shares aren't just impressive; they're a testament to the technology's effectiveness. Battling acne scars for years left her hiding behind layers of makeup. Recovery time is minimal, allowing you to return to your daily activities with little downtime.

Let's embrace and enhance your natural beauty together. Similarly, chemical peels are designed to remove dead skin cells, revealing smoother, more radiant skin underneath. You're not just another client to us; you're a partner in this journey towards a more confident and radiant you.

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The entrance to the Fraser is very striking—Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet fr [sic] the Background of Superb Mountains—Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England's dominions on the Pacific mainland. My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset. The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away.

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Nearby Tourist Attractions

Serpentine Hollow

Guildford
Tourist attraction, Park, Hiking area
Serpentine Hollow, Surrey, BC V4N 5M1

Buntzen Lake Floating Bridge

Tourist attraction
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Unwin Park

Newton
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Chimney Heights Park

East Newton North
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Overlooking the mountains, this park offers a baseball diamond, soccer field & open space.

Stanley Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Stanley Park, Vancouver, BC V6G 1Z4
Vancouver's largest urban park has beaches, trails & family attractions, plus a picturesque seawall.

Citations and other links

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At Manhas Health Co, our mission is to empower you with personalized aesthetic solutions that enhance your natural beauty and boost your confidence. Moreover, the device is designed to automatically adjust the energy delivery if it senses that the skin temperature is too high. We're dedicated to providing you with the best possible outcomes, which is why we've invested heavily in the latest advancements in aesthetic medicine. Firstly, we're committed to using only the highest quality, medically approved products and equipment.

Your skin feels smoother, looks brighter, and exudes a healthy radiance that's hard to miss. We understand that everyone's journey to feeling their best is unique, which is why our approach is tailored specifically to meet your individual needs. Whether you're looking for skin revitalization, anti-aging solutions, or body contouring, they've got you covered with the latest technology and techniques.

Your skin will be more susceptible to irritation, so it's best to give it a break from active ingredients like retinol or salicylic acid. Once the area is ready, the concentrated PRP is carefully injected into the scalp at the targeted sites to stimulate hair growth.

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Following your personalized consultation, we'll introduce you to our range of advanced aesthetic treatments, each designed to meet your specific needs and enhance your natural beauty.

If you prefer a more personal touch, their friendly customer service team is just a call away, ready to assist you in scheduling your appointment or answering any questions you might've about their services. You can literally have a session and jump back into your daily routine immediately after. Infection risk is minimal since the procedure uses your blood, reducing the likelihood of adverse reactions.

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Dive into the world of non-surgical treatments and see the difference for yourself. These products are less harsh and help retain the natural moisture of your scalp and hair, promoting a healthier growth environment. Most people describe the sensation as a rubber band snapping against the skin, and many machines come equipped with cooling devices to ease discomfort. By staying at the forefront of the latest advancements in aesthetic medicine, we ensure that you receive the highest standard of care.

You'll have direct access to our team for any questions or concerns that may arise post-procedure. From non-invasive treatments like facial rejuvenation and skincare therapies to more advanced procedures, our expert team is here to guide you every step of the way. Plus, it's a testament to our commitment to excellence and the high-quality standards we uphold in every procedure.

It's time to give your skin the care and attention it deserves. It's like waking up your scalp's natural ability to grow hair. Botox for wrinkle treatment New Westminster Exploring the benefits of treatment, you'll discover that rejuvenation can significantly enhance your quality of life by boosting confidence and comfort in your intimate health.

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It's quick and manageable, with cooling methods often applied to soothe the area immediately. Lastly, consider integrating antioxidants into your skincare lineup. At Manhas Health Co., you'll start your journey with a personalized consultation to pinpoint exactly what you need to feel your best.

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Don't let the years dictate your skin's story. You don't need to navigate through a complicated system or wait endlessly on the phone. Essentially, the process kick-starts your body's natural healing response without the need for invasive surgery. You're not just seeing a new you in the mirror; you're stepping into a version of yourself that feels empowered and renewed.

You'll see your skin's texture improve, becoming smoother and more even. You'll find a range of options, from non-invasive facials that rejuvenate the skin to more intensive procedures like microneedling and PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) therapy, which promote collagen production and cell turnover. What's more, you'll appreciate the minimal downtime associated with these laser treatments. Botox for lines and wrinkles New Westminster

However, it's crucial to consult with a professional first, especially if you have sensitive skin or specific concerns like active acne or rosacea. Seeing is believing, and in this case, the after results speak volumes about the power of Advanced Forma Face Sculpting to rejuvenate and refresh. We're committed to creating a supportive environment where you feel valued and understood.

With minimal downtime, you can return to your daily activities, reveling in the glow of rejuvenated skin. Botox consultation Pay attention to how well they listen and explain the process, including potential risks and aftercare.

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We'll provide you with guidance on maintaining your new physique, offering tips on diet, exercise, and lifestyle to ensure your results last.

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It's not just about aesthetics; it's about improving the quality of your life and restoring your well-being. After revitalizing your complexion with our specialized facial therapies, explore our body contouring and sculpting services to further enhance your natural beauty. Our mission is to empower you by enhancing your natural beauty and promoting holistic well-being through innovative and personalized aesthetic treatments. The Forma technology utilizes radiofrequency energy to target deep layers of your skin, stimulating collagen production without damaging the surface. Botox for vascular lesions Fillers aren't a one-size-fits-all solution.

Visit our Before and After Gallery today. Laser therapy, for instance, can tackle a multitude of skin concerns, from reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles to improving skin texture and tone. You might experience some tenderness or swelling, but don't worry; this is normal. Botox in New Westminster BC This plan isn't just a one-size-fits-all approach; it's customized to your body's specific requirements, ensuring you get the best possible results.

Our experts are committed to providing you with the best care, advising on aftercare and any follow-up treatments to maintain and enhance your results. Together, these technologies offer a comprehensive body sculpting solution. Before your appointment, it's a good idea to jot down any questions or concerns you might have. Morpheus 8 Resurfacing revolutionizes skin rejuvenation by deeply remodeling your skin's underlying structures to restore a more youthful appearance.

This ability to customize your treatment plan isn't something you'll easily find elsewhere. After exploring our Before and After Gallery, you'll find that our commitment to your transformation doesn't end with the procedure; ongoing support and care are integral to your journey with Manhas Health Co.

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This personalized approach ensures the treatment is tailored to your specific needs. EMS forces your muscles to contract, simulating the effects of a high-intensity workout without the sweat or time commitment.

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During your consultation, you'll have the opportunity to discuss your goals, concerns, and the specific outcomes you're hoping to achieve with vaginal rejuvenation. What sets Morpheus 8 apart is its ability to adapt to your specific skin needs, delivering precise and controlled energy to targeted areas. He's constantly updating his knowledge to bring you the latest in skincare advancements. You're essentially using a component of your blood to tell your body it's time to repair and improve, making PRP a remarkably natural approach to anti-aging and restoration. Cosmetic Botox in New Westminster Whether you're looking to reduce signs of aging, improve skin texture, or contour your body shape, our state-of-the-art technology makes it possible.
The versatility of laser therapy means that treatments can be customized to suit your specific needs, ensuring you get the best possible outcomes. It's not just about the visible changes; it's about the joy and newfound confidence each client experiences. Stepping through our doors, you're not just another client; you're part of a community dedicated to enhancing your natural beauty and promoting your overall well-being. You'll hear about Maria, too, who combined both treatments. Botox for facial slimming
First off, you'll need to hydrate your skin from the inside out. You're not just losing inches; you're gaining a more defined, toned, and sculpted physique. Read more about New Westminster Botox Treatments here Let these success stories inspire you. Manhas Health Co.

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accepts various payment methods, including credit cards and PayPal, making the process smooth and secure.
Whether you're interested in skincare treatments, body sculpting, or anything in between, we've got you covered. Learn more about New Westminster Botox Treatments here Don't worry about pain. Regardless of the technique you lean towards, Manhas Health Co ensures you're informed, comfortable, and excited about your rejuvenation journey. Botox for forehead lines Our vision is to lead the way in aesthetic medicine by continually adopting the latest technologies and practices that prioritize your safety and satisfaction.

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

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The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

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A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

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Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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