Whistler Private Tours

Whistler Private Tours

Whistler nature tours

Imagine yourself zipping through the treetops on a high-speed zip line, the wind in your face, and breathtaking views of the mountains and forests below. You'll witness the mountains blanketed in white, with the trees dusted in frost, creating a serene, picturesque setting. Learn more about Whistler Private Tours Here In Whistler, adventure isn't just an option; it's a way of life. Whether you choose a cozy boutique hotel nestled in the heart of the village or a spacious, fully-equipped condo on the slopes, you're guaranteed top-notch service and amenities.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler wilderness tours

  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
Always keep a safe distance; getting too close can stress wildlife and alter their natural behaviors.
The cooler temperatures and fewer crowds make it ideal for peaceful hikes. Diving into Whistler's local culture offers an enriching experience that connects you directly with the heart and soul of this vibrant community. Lean more about Star Sightseeing Tours Whistler here. With backgrounds in ecology, history, and adventure sports, they're equipped to make your tour both informative and exhilarating. This unique opportunity to witness wildlife in its natural setting is a highlight of the tour, offering moments of awe and excitement.
They're meticulously designed with high-end materials and thoughtful touches that elevate your relaxation experience. Don't forget to bring your camera, as the scenic viewpoints along these trails offer breathtaking panoramas that you'll want to cherish and share. They'll adjust the pace according to your comfort, whether you want a laid-back experience or a jam-packed adventure. Each tour is a masterpiece, tailored to showcase the very best of Whistler's landscapes, culture, and culinary delights.
After selecting your date and time, you'll be prompted to enter the number of participants. They've raised the bar on what to expect, combining local insights with world-class service.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler food tours

  • Whistler spring sightseeing
  • Whistler wilderness tours
  • Whistler sightseeing tickets
  • Whistler coastline tours
  • Whistler cherry blossom tours
  • Whistler paddleboarding tours
  • Whistler food tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler spring sightseeing
  • Whistler wilderness tours
  • Whistler sightseeing tickets
  • Whistler coastline tours
  • Whistler cherry blossom tours
Ensuring you're prepared for the physical demands of the tour and aware of any health advisories will keep you safe and comfortable throughout your adventure. You might think you've seen all there is to Whistler, but Star Sightseeing offers an unparalleled perspective that's bound to change your mind. Things to do in Whistler

And for the avid photographers, these lake excursions offer unparalleled opportunities to capture the essence of Whistler's landscape, with each shot rivaling postcard perfection. As they say, variety is the spice of life, and Star Sightseeing's expansion of premium tour services in Whistler offers just that to both visitors and locals alike. Our lead guide, Alex, has been exploring Whistler's mountains for over a decade. Once your booking is confirmed, it's crucial to start preparing for your Whistler adventure to ensure a seamless and enjoyable experience. It's clear that Star Sightseeing doesn't just talk about sustainability; they walk the walk, making your adventure guilt-free and more enjoyable.

This exclusive tour is curated just for you, ensuring you experience the best of Whistler in a way that's both intimate and unforgettable. Engaging in these immersive experiences, you're not just a visitor; you become a part of Whistler's ongoing story, leaving with memories and connections that last a lifetime.

Whistler Private Tours - Things to do in Whistler

  1. Whistler coastline tours
  2. Whistler cherry blossom tours
  3. Whistler paddleboarding tours
  4. Whistler food tours
  5. Whistler summer sightseeing
  6. Best places to visit in Whistler
  7. Whistler multi-day tours
  8. Whistler coastline tours
  9. Whistler cherry blossom tours
  10. Whistler paddleboarding tours
  11. Whistler food tours
  12. Whistler summer sightseeing
  13. Best places to visit in Whistler
  14. Whistler multi-day tours
  15. Whistler coastline tours
  16. Whistler cherry blossom tours
  17. Whistler paddleboarding tours
  18. Whistler food tours
Whether you're seeking adventure or relaxation, there's something for everyone in the family to cherish. If you're into biking, the mountain bike trails here are second to none, offering both challenging descents for the experienced and gentler paths for beginners.

Whistler Private Tours - Best places to visit in Whistler

  • Whistler underground tours
  • Whistler cruise tours
  • Whistler Blackcomb sightseeing tours
  • Whistler eco tours
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler hiking tours
  • Best viewpoints in Whistler
  • Whistler city tours
  • Whistler paranormal tours
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler snowshoe tours
  • Whistler ski resort tours
  • Whistler night tours
  • Whistler boat tours
  • Whistler fall foliage tours


They accept major credit cards and offer secure online transactions. Guides equipped with knowledge and stories about the constellations, the science behind auroras, and the myths surrounding meteor showers enrich your experience. Plus, with an expert astronomer by your side, you'll uncover the mysteries of the universe in a way that resonates with you personally. You'll dive into Whistler's rich history and vibrant community life.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler sightseeing tickets

  1. Whistler multi-day tours
  2. Whistler multi-day tours
  3. Whistler multi-day tours
  4. Whistler multi-day tours
  5. Whistler multi-day tours
  6. Whistler multi-day tours
  7. Whistler multi-day tours
  8. Whistler multi-day tours
  9. Whistler multi-day tours
  10. Whistler multi-day tours
  11. Whistler multi-day tours
  12. Whistler multi-day tours
  13. Whistler multi-day tours
  14. Whistler multi-day tours
  15. Whistler multi-day tours
  16. Whistler multi-day tours


It's not just about the views; it's about feeling the rush of being atop one of the world's most sought-after ski resorts. Whether you're looking for the luxury of a five-star hotel, the cozy charm of a boutique inn, or the convenience of a ski-in, ski-out condo, you'll find it here. After exploring the unique features that set this tour apart, let's take a closer look at the day-to-day adventures that await you in Whistler. You can customize your hiking experience to match your interest and fitness level.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler paddleboarding tours

  1. Whistler multi-day tours
  2. Best places to visit in Whistler
  3. Whistler multi-day tours
  4. Best places to visit in Whistler
  5. Whistler multi-day tours
  6. Best places to visit in Whistler
  7. Whistler multi-day tours
  8. Best places to visit in Whistler
  9. Whistler multi-day tours
  10. Best places to visit in Whistler
  11. Whistler multi-day tours
  12. Best places to visit in Whistler
  13. Whistler multi-day tours
  14. Best places to visit in Whistler
  15. Whistler multi-day tours
  16. Best places to visit in Whistler
  17. Whistler multi-day tours
  18. Best places to visit in Whistler
  19. Whistler multi-day tours


Group Sightseeing Adventures

Entity Name Description Source
Whistler Mountain A prominent mountain located in British Columbia, known for its ski resort and outdoor activities. Source
Nita Lake A serene lake located near Whistler, popular for canoeing and peaceful outdoor recreation. Source
Whistler Sliding Centre A world-class sliding track for bobsled, luge, and skeleton located in Whistler, used in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Source
Whistler Olympic Park A venue in Whistler used for cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and biathlon during the 2010 Winter Olympics. Source
All-terrain vehicle A vehicle designed for off-road use, typically with four wheels and large tires, used in rugged terrains. Source
Alpenglow The reddish or pinkish glow seen on mountain peaks at sunset or sunrise. Source
Tantalus Range A mountain range in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, known for its dramatic peaks. Source
Coast Mountains A major mountain range in British Columbia, known for its rugged terrain and scenic landscapes. Source
Glacial lake A lake formed by the melting of glaciers, often found in mountainous regions. Source
Bald eagle A large bird of prey native to North America, known for its white head and tail and symbolizing freedom. Source
Wildlife The collective term for animals that are not domesticated, living in their natural habitats. Source
Summer The warmest season of the year, often associated with outdoor activities and vacations. Source
Village A small community or settlement, typically located in rural or semi-rural areas. Source
Whistler, British Columbia A resort town in British Columbia, known for its skiing and outdoor recreational activities. Source

Whistler Sightseeing Tours

Whistler (Lillooet: Cwitima, [xʷetemɛ]; Squamish: Sḵwiḵw, [sqʷɛqʷ]) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately 125 km (78 mi) north of Vancouver and 36 km (22 mi) south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approximately 13,982 (2021), as well as a larger but rotating population of seasonal workers.

Citations and other links

Guided wellness hikes Whistler

Lakes like Lost Lake become hubs for swimming, canoeing, and picnicking under the sun. You'll find menus crafted with locally sourced ingredients, each dish telling a story of the region's culinary heritage and the chef's creativity. Imagine standing atop a rugged peak, the panoramic views unfolding like a live painting before your eyes. First off, opt for eco-friendly accommodations. You're not just a spectator; you're part of a global movement to protect this natural wonder.
So, let's set off on an unforgettable journey together with our expert guides leading the way. It's a moment where time seems to stand still, and then, in a heartbeat, you're soaring back up, adrenaline coursing through your veins. You've got the power to craft a journey that mirrors your interests, whether they're steeped in the exhilaration of outdoor adventures, the serene beauty of nature walks, the rich tapestry of local culture, or simply fun activities that the whole family can enjoy together. At the heart of your Whistler adventure with Star Sightseeing lies the opportunity to customize your tour experience, ensuring it aligns perfectly with your interests and desires. Whistler coastline tours
You'll learn not just their names, but the ancient myths that surround them, adding a rich tapestry of storytelling to the visual feast. Read more about Whistler Private Tours Here Knowing the schedule and locations can help you plan any additional items you might need, like a swimsuit for a surprise lake visit or binoculars for bird watching. Whistler botanical garden tours In an age where horse-drawn carriages are a quaint memory, Star Sightseeing revolutionizes travel yet again by introducing an exclusive tour in Whistler for the 2025 season. Don't just visit Whistler; experience it together, creating memories that'll last a lifetime.
It's your adventure, tailored just for you, allowing you to dive deeper into what truly interests you about Whistler. Beyond the culinary delights, Whistler offers an array of unique activities that'll captivate your sense of adventure. They'll guide you to the most picturesque spots.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler festival tours

  • Whistler cherry blossom tours
  • Whistler paddleboarding tours
  • Whistler food tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler sightseeing tickets
  • Whistler coastline tours
  • Whistler cherry blossom tours
  • Whistler paddleboarding tours
  • Whistler food tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler sightseeing tickets
Don't miss out on the lakes and beaches, ideal for picnics and leisurely swims during the warmer months.

Guided wellness hikes Whistler
Whistler guided nature photography

Whistler guided nature photography

You can bike on scenic trails, kayak in crystal-clear lakes, or simply enjoy the breathtaking mountain views. These exclusive cultural journeys are more than just additions to your travel itinerary; they're pathways to understanding, respect, and appreciation for the diversity and richness of the local culture. It's a place where the energy is infectious, with bustling markets, artisan shops, and local eateries that showcase the best of what Whistler has to offer. Whistler transforms with the seasons, offering a unique palette of experiences that cater to every traveler's desire.

Simple actions like reducing waste, conserving water, and staying on marked trails can make a significant difference. They're attentive, ready to answer any questions and accommodate special requests, making the whole experience feel exclusive. Family-friendly tours in Whistler It's not just a means of transportation; it's an adventure that presents you with 360-degree views of the surrounding alpine environment.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler cherry blossom tours

  • Whistler wilderness tours
  • Whistler sightseeing tickets
  • Whistler coastline tours
  • Whistler cherry blossom tours
  • Whistler paddleboarding tours
  • Whistler food tours
  • Whistler summer sightseeing
  • Best places to visit in Whistler
  • Whistler multi-day tours
  • Whistler festival tours
  • Whistler ferry tours
  • Whistler spring sightseeing
  • Whistler wilderness tours
  • Whistler sightseeing tickets
  • Whistler coastline tours
  • Whistler cherry blossom tours
  • Whistler paddleboarding tours


Fancy a morning of yoga on a secluded mountain top? Dive into the astronomers' insight to unveil the secrets of the cosmos, enhancing your Whistler experience with starlit knowledge. Come summer, Whistler shines with its alpine lakes and outdoor concerts.

Picture a serene hike where the only footsteps in the snow are yours, leading to breathtaking vistas untouched by the usual crowds.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler botanical garden tours

  1. Whistler food tours
  2. Whistler summer sightseeing
  3. Best places to visit in Whistler
  4. Whistler multi-day tours
  5. Whistler food tours
  6. Whistler summer sightseeing
  7. Best places to visit in Whistler
  8. Whistler multi-day tours
  9. Whistler food tours
  10. Whistler summer sightseeing
  11. Best places to visit in Whistler
  12. Whistler multi-day tours
  13. Whistler food tours
  14. Whistler summer sightseeing
  15. Best places to visit in Whistler
  16. Whistler multi-day tours
  17. Whistler food tours
  18. Whistler summer sightseeing
  19. Best places to visit in Whistler
  20. Whistler multi-day tours
Join a tasting tour and sample the best of what the area has to offer, from artisan cheeses to craft beers. The tour guides aren't just knowledgeable; they're passionate storytellers who bring each sight to life, making you feel a deep connection to the land.

Sea to Sky Highway and Whistler Tour

Don't forget the iconic Peak 2 Peak Gondola ride. You'll step into the world of the First Nations people, uncovering stories, practices, and art that have shaped the region for centuries. Want to spend more time photographing the stunning landscapes? This tour is meticulously designed to blend adventure with luxury, offering exclusive access to hidden gems alongside comfortable, high-end accommodations and gourmet dining options that reflect the local cuisine. What's more, with options for personalized journey planning and luxurious transportation, the promise of creating unforgettable memories is just the beginning.

These tours emphasize respect and preservation, ensuring your encounters are safe and sustainable. It's all about what you want. You'll enjoy state-of-the-art amenities, from climate control to keep you cozy against the chill of the mountains, to premium sound systems that let you immerse yourself in your favorite tunes as you marvel at the breathtaking views. You'll want to mark your calendar and set reminders because you don't want to miss out on this adventure of a lifetime.

Whistler Private Tours - Whistler nature tours



    Star Sightseeing's attention to detail means they're always ready to capture that perfect, candid shot-the laughter shared over a gourmet meal, the awe-inspiring first look at a glacier, or the exhilarating moment of conquering a new trail. Regardless of when you visit, Whistler's seasonal highlights ensure there's always something magical to experience, making each trip unforgettable. After exploring family-friendly activities, let's now uncover the unique seasonal highlights that make Whistler a year-round paradise. Enjoy a leisurely morning at the Scandinave Spa, soaking in the rejuvenating outdoor baths surrounded by nature's serenity. Whistler cherry blossom tours

    For those with little ones, the Whistler Children's Festival is a treasure trove of creativity and fun, with workshops and performances that spark joy and imagination. These experienced locals aren't just tour guides; they're your gateway to discovering the hidden gems and stories that Whistler has to offer. You're also encouraged to participate in 'leave no trace' principles during your sightseeing tours. You'll discover a side of Whistler that remains unseen by most, thanks to their meticulously designed itineraries that blend adventure, relaxation, and the sheer beauty of the Canadian wilderness.

    Whistler Private Tours - Whistler nature tours

    1. Whistler nature tours
    2. Whistler botanical garden tours
    3. Whistler festival tours
    4. Whistler ferry tours
    5. Whistler spring sightseeing
    6. Whistler wilderness tours
    7. Whistler sightseeing tickets
    8. Whistler coastline tours
    9. Whistler cherry blossom tours
    10. Whistler paddleboarding tours
    11. Whistler food tours
    12. Whistler summer sightseeing
    13. Best places to visit in Whistler
    14. Whistler multi-day tours
    15. Whistler botanical garden tours
    16. Whistler festival tours
    17. Whistler ferry tours
    18. Whistler spring sightseeing


    Sea to Sky Highway and Whistler Tour
    Helicopter Tours Whistler BC
    Helicopter Tours Whistler BC

    For those craving an adrenaline rush, Whistler's ultimate thrill experiences are designed to elevate your heartbeat. From the easy walks around Lost Lake to the more strenuous trek to Garibaldi Lake, each step is a discovery. It's also a great season for tasting local harvests at the Whistler Farmers' Market, rounding off a year brimming with unique experiences. Your Whistler adventure wouldn't be complete without getting to know the knowledgeable guides who'll be by your side throughout the tour.

    It's not just about gazing at distant stars and planets; it's about immersing yourself in the cosmic dance above. As the snow melts and spring emerges, the landscape bursts into life. Whistler festival tours Whisk yourself away to Whistler, where wonders await at every turn, guided by the unparalleled expertise of Star Sightseeing's seasoned guides.

    Each option provides you with the perfect base to unwind after a day of exploring, with many featuring stunning views of the surrounding landscape that you can enjoy from the comfort of your room. It's an immersive experience that connects you deeply with nature. It's not just about the excitement; it's a moment of connection with the natural world.

    Luxury at night in Whistler isn't confined to the skies. You'll learn about the behaviors, diets, and habitats of these animals, enriching your experience and understanding of Whistler's natural environment. It's an enriching part of your journey that you won't want to overlook.

    Whistler Sightseeing Tour Companies

    Imagine ending your day with a private après-ski session in a secluded lodge, where the fireplace crackles just for you. Whistler spring sightseeing Star Sightseeing ensures you don't miss out on these hidden gems. It's not just any path; it's a local secret that leads you through forests and by lakes, all while keeping you away from the crowds. Winter transforms Whistler into a snowy wonderland, offering experiences you've likely only dreamed of.
    It's not just a ride; it's a journey above the clouds, where the vastness of nature's beauty unfolds beneath you. Whistler's gourmet outdoor dining scene invites you to savor the flavors of the mountains under a canopy of stars. You're not just observing; you're immersing yourself in the celestial dance above. Whistler mountain biking tours
    With Star Sightseeing, you'll unlock private tours of hidden mountain trails, accessible only to their guests. Or, during warmer months, take a leisurely bike ride through lush trails that offer breathtaking views at every turn. You'll get to immerse yourself in the heart of Whistler's community, engaging directly with local artisans, chefs, and storytellers who breathe life into the town's unique culture.
    As you embark on this journey, you'll be led by those who know these paths like the back of their hand, weaving through majestic peaks and ancient forests that whisper the secrets of the ages. Each journey is thoughtfully designed to respect and honor the cultural heritage, allowing you to connect on a personal level with the stories that make Whistler unique. Beyond the well-trodden paths of seasonal adventures, there's a world of hidden gems in Whistler waiting for you to discover.

    Explore Whistler Private Tours Here
    Whistler Sightseeing Tour Companies

     

    Early tour bus in Salt Lake City, 1909
    A colourful tour bus at Kuranda, Queensland, Australia
    Tourists taking photos from a ParisCityVision open-topped tour bus in Paris.
    Salvador Bahia Bus in Santo Antonio da Barra Lighthouse, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
    The Needles "Breezer", Isle of Wight, England

    A tour bus service is an escorted tour (sometimes a package holiday) or bus service that takes visitors sightseeing, with routes around tourist attractions.

    Information

    [edit]

    Double-decker buses and open top buses are commonly used, for providing a good view. Large coaches are used internationally by tour operators, intercity bus lines and charters, for short and long distance destinations. These buses are larger than regular transit buses, with 2 to 4 axles (6 to 10 wheels).

    The history of tour buses in North America began in the early 20th century, when trucks were converted to provide a means for sightseeing within large American cities.[1] Gray Line, the largest sightseeing operators, began operations in 1910.[2] Sightseeing was likely a side business for many intercity bus operators because the same types of buses were used (this remains true even today). World War II saw the industry decline, but it slowly re-emerged as an alternative to driving.[1]

    Many musicians, entertainers, dancing crews and bands travel in sleeper buses, commonly referred to as "tour buses". While most if not all of the buses and coaches listed above are for commercial applications, there are many coaches manufactured for personal use as motorhomes. These bus based motorhomes are considered the top end of the RV market.

    Common features

    [edit]
    • Padded fabric or leather front-facing seats, often reclining.
    • Foot and arm rests.
    • TV monitors connected to DVD player or VCR to provide entertainment or possibly analog TV or DTV for local news or programs (possibly in seats with viewer choosing what station).
    • Basic lavatory – riders may be discouraged from using it except in an emergency,[3][failed verification] but some newer buses feature full service lavatories[4]
    • Cool water dispenser, refrigerator, hot water urn.
    • Wheelchair lift or ramp and "kneeling suspension" for easier access (especially for the elderly and infirm).
    • Tinted windows (and/or curtains or blinds).
    • Luggage compartment (or bins) below in the underbelly of the bus, with overhead hand-luggage racks.

    Tour coach manufacturers

    [edit]

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b "Driven John Mack Kept on Truckin', Helping Build Modern America". Investors.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
    2. ^ Risko, Karin (2018). A History Lover's Guide to Detroit. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-3567-2.
    3. ^ "Bus Toilets / Toilets of the World". toilet-guru.com. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
    4. ^ "New Prevost features to be showc". Prevost-stuff.com. December 22, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2011.

     

     

    Tours is located in Centre-Val de Loire
    Tours
    Tours
     
    Tours
    Medieval buildings on Place Plumereau
    Pont Wilson over the Loire
    Prébendes d'Oé garden
    Flag of Tours
    Coat of arms of Tours
    Location of Tours
    Map
    Tours is located in France
    Tours
    Tours
     

    Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.393611°N 0.689167°E / 47.393611; 0.689167CountryFranceRegionCentre-Val de LoireDepartmentIndre-et-LoireArrondissementToursCantonTours-1
    Tours-2
    Tours-3
    Tours-4
    IntercommunalityTours Métropole Val de LoireGovernment

     

     • Mayor (2020–2026) Emmanuel Denis[1] (The Greens)

    Area
    1

    34.7 km2 (13.4 sq mi) • Urban

     (2018)

    684.9 km2 (264.4 sq mi) • Metro

     (2018)

    3,631.6 km2 (1,402.2 sq mi)Population

     (2022)[2]

    138,668 • Rank26th in France • Density4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi) • Urban

     (2018)

    359,992 • Urban density530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) • Metro

     (2018)

    516,973 • Metro density140/km2 (370/sq mi)Demonym(s)Tourangeau (masculine)
    Tourangelle (feminine)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code

    37261 /37000, 37100, 37200

    Elevation44–119 m (144–390 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

    Tours (/tʊər/ TOOR; French: [tuʁ] ⓘ) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabitants as of 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973.[3]

    Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Formerly named Caesarodunum by its founder, Roman Emperor Augustus, it possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre. Known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, it is a National Sanctuary with connections to the Merovingians and the Carolingians, with the Capetians making the kingdom's currency the Livre tournois. Saint Martin and Gregory of Tours were from Tours. Tours was once part of Touraine, a former province of France. Tours was the first city of the silk industry. It was taken by Louis XI, as the royal capital under the Valois Kings with its Loire castles and city of art with the School of Tours. The prefecture was partially destroyed during the French Wars of Religion in the late 16th century and again during the Second World War in June 1940.

    The White and Blue city keeps a historical center registered in the UNESCO, and is home to the Vieux-Tours, a patrimonial site. The garden city has a green heritage and an urban landscape strongly influenced by its natural space. The historic city that is nicknamed "Le Petit Paris" and its region by its history and culture has always been a land of birth or host to many personalities, international sporting events, and is a university city with more than 30,000 students in 2019. Tours is a popular culinary city with specialties such as: rillettes, rillons, Touraine vineyards, AOC Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine cheeses and nougats. The city is also the end-point of the annual Paris–Tours cycle race.

    Etymology

    [edit]

    A popular folk etymology of the word "Tours" is that it comes from Turonus, the nephew of Brutus. Turonus died in a war between Corineus and the king of Aquitaine, Goffarius Pictus, provoked by Corineus hunting in the king's forests without permission. It is said that Turonus was buried in Tours and the city is founded around his grave.[4]

    History

    [edit]

    In Gallic times, Tours was an important crossing point over the Loire. It became part of the Roman Empire during the 1st century AD, and the city was named Caesarodunum ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became Civitas Turonum and then Tours. It was at this time that the Tours Amphitheatre was built.

    Tours became a metropolis in the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388 AD, dominating Maine, Brittany, and the Loire Valley. One important figure in the city was Saint Martin of Tours, a bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. The importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, a major centre during the Middle Ages.

    Middle Ages

    [edit]

    In the 6th century, Gregory of Tours, author of the Ten Books of History, restored a cathedral destroyed by a fire in 561. Saint Martin's monastery benefited from its inception, at the very start of the 6th century from patronage and support from the Frankish king, Clovis I, which increased considerably the influence of the saint, the abbey and the city in Gaul. In the 9th century, Tours was at the heart of the Carolingian Renaissance, in particular because of Alcuin, of York in Northumbria, a renowned book collector and an abbot of Marmoutier Abbey.

    In 732, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and an army of Muslim horsemen from Al-Andalus advanced 500 kilometres (300 miles) deep into France, and were stopped at Moussais-la-Bataille[5] (between Châtellerault and Poitiers) by Charles Martel and his infantry. This ignited the Battle of Tours. The Muslim army was defeated, preventing an Islamic conquest of France.

    In 845, Tours repelled the first attack of the Viking chief Haesten. In 850, the Vikings settled at the mouths of the Seine and the Loire. Still led by Haesten, they went up the Loire again in 852 and sacked Angers, Tours and Marmoutier Abbey.

    During the Middle Ages, Tours consisted of two juxtaposed and competing centres. The "City" in the east, successor of the late Roman 'castrum', was composed of the cathedral and palace of the archbishops as well as the castle of Tours. The castle of Tours acted as a seat of the authority of the Counts of Tours (later Counts of Anjou) and the King of France. In the west, the "new city" structured around the Abbey of Saint Martin was freed from the control of the city during the 10th century (an enclosure was built towards 918) and became "Châteauneuf". This space, organized between Saint Martin and the Loire, became the economic centre of Tours. Between these two centres were Varennes, vineyards and fields, little occupied except for the Abbaye Saint-Julien established on the banks of the Loire. The two centres were linked during the 14th century.

    Place Plumereau, Medieval buildings

    Tours became the capital of the county of Tours or Touraine, a territory bitterly disputed between the counts of Blois and Anjou – the latter were victorious in the 11th century. It was the capital of France at the time of Louis XI, who had settled in the castle of Montils (today the castle of Plessis-les-Tours, at the junction of the Loire and the Indre rivers). Tours and Touraine remained a permanent residence of the kings and court until the 16th century. The Renaissance gave Tours and Touraine many private mansions and castles, joined to some extent under the generic name of the Châteaux of the Loire. It is also at the time of Louis XI that the silk industry was introduced – despite difficulties, the industry still survives to this day.

    16th–18th centuries

    [edit]

    Charles IX passed through the city at the time of his royal tour of France between 1564 and 1566, accompanied by the Court and various noblemen: his brother the Duke of Anjou, Henri de Navarre, the cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine. At this time, the Catholics returned to power in Angers: the attendant assumed the right to nominate the aldermen. The Massacre of Saint-Barthelemy was not repeated at Tours. The Protestants were imprisoned by the aldermen – a measure which prevented their extermination. The permanent return of the Court to Paris and then Versailles marked the beginning of a slow but permanent decline. Guillaume the Metayer (1763–1798), known as Rochambeau, the well-known counter-revolutionary chief of Mayenne, was shot in Tours.

    19th to 20th centuries

    [edit]

    The arrival of the railway in the 19th century saved the city by making it an important nodal point. The main railway station is known as Tours-Saint-Pierre-des-Corps. At that time, Tours was expanding towards the south into a district known as the Prébendes. The importance of the city as a centre of communications contributed to its revival and, as the 20th century progressed, Tours became a dynamic conurbation, economically oriented towards the service sector.

    First World War

    [edit]
    Tours Cathedral: 15th-century Flamboyant Gothic west front with Renaissance pinnacles, completed 1547.

    The city was greatly affected by the First World War. A force of 25,000 American soldiers arrived in 1917, setting up textile factories for the manufacture of uniforms, repair shops for military equipment, munitions dumps, an army post office and an American military hospital at Augustins. Because of this, Tours became a garrison town with a resident general staff. The American presence is remembered today by the Woodrow Wilson Bridge over the Loire, which was officially opened in July 1918 and bears the name of the President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Three American air force squadrons, including the 492nd, were based at the Parçay-Meslay airfield, their personnel playing an active part in the life of the city. Americans paraded at funerals and award ceremonies for the Croix de Guerre. They also took part in festivals and their YMCA organised shows for the troops. Some men married women from Tours.

    Inter-war years

    [edit]

    In 1920, the city hosted the Congress of Tours, which saw the creation of the French Communist Party. One future consequence of that congress was the presence of Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese nationalist, who became one of the first members of the party.

    Second World War

    [edit]

    Tours was also marked by the Second World War, as the city suffered massive destruction in 1940. For four years it was a city of military camps and fortifications. From 10 to 13 June 1940, Tours was the temporary seat of the French government before its move to Bordeaux.

    German incendiary bombs caused a huge fire, which blazed out of control from 20 to 22 June and destroyed part of the city centre. Some architectural masterpieces of the 16th and 17th centuries were lost, as was the monumental entry to the city. The Wilson Bridge, which carried a water main that supplied the city, was dynamited to slow the progress of the German advance. With the water main severed, nobody could extinguish the inferno. That made inhabitants have no option but to flee to safety. More heavy air raids by Allied forces devastated the area around the railway station in 1944, causing several hundred deaths.

    Post-war developments

    [edit]

    A plan for the rebuilding of the central area drawn up by the local architect Camille Lefèvre had been adopted even before the end of the war. The plan was for 20 small quadrangular blocks of housing to be arranged around the main road (la rue Nationale), which was widened. This regular layout attempted to echo but simplify the 18th-century architecture. Pierre Patout succeeded Lefèvre as the architect in charge of rebuilding in 1945. At one time, there was talk of demolishing the southern side of the rue Nationale to make it in keeping with the new development.

    The recent history of Tours is marked by the personality of Jean Royer, who was mayor for 36 years and helped save the old town from demolition by establishing one of the first Conservation Areas. This example of conservation policy would later inspire the Malraux Law for the safeguarding of historic city centres. In the 1970s, Jean Royer also extended the city to the south by diverting the course of the Cher River to create the districts of Rives du Cher and des Fontaines. At the time, it was one of the largest urban developments in Europe. In 1970, the François Rabelais University was founded and centred on the bank of the Loire in the downtown area, not, as was the current practice, in a campus in the suburbs. The latter solution was also chosen by the twin university of Orleans. Royer's long term as mayor was, however, not without controversy, as is exemplified by the construction of the practical but aesthetically unattractive motorway, which runs along the bed of a former canal just 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) from the cathedral. Another bone of contention was the original Vinci Congress Centre by Jean Nouvel. The project incurred debts although it at least made Tours one of France's principal conference centres.

    Jean Germain, a member of the Socialist Party, became mayor in 1995 and made debt reduction his priority. Ten years later, his economic management was regarded as much wiser than that of his predecessor because of the financial stability of the city returning. However, his achievements were criticised by the municipal opposition for a lack of ambition. There were no large building projects instituted under his two terms. That position is disputed by those in power, who affirm their policy of concentrating on the quality of life, as evidenced by urban restoration, the development of public transport and cultural activities.

    Climate

    [edit]

    Tours has an oceanic climate that is very mild for such a northern latitude. Summers are influenced by its inland position, resulting in frequent days of 25 °C (77 °F) or warmer, whereas winters are kept mild by Atlantic air masses. The entire valley between Orlans and Angers is famous for the luminosity of its air and for its fabulous châteaux, most of them Renaissance (over 600 between Orlans and Angers).

    Climate data for Tours (1991–2020 averages)
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °C (°F) 16.9
    (62.4)
    22.1
    (71.8)
    25.3
    (77.5)
    29.2
    (84.6)
    31.8
    (89.2)
    39.1
    (102.4)
    40.8
    (105.4)
    39.8
    (103.6)
    35.5
    (95.9)
    31.1
    (88.0)
    22.3
    (72.1)
    18.5
    (65.3)
    40.8
    (105.4)
    Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.7
    (45.9)
    9.0
    (48.2)
    12.9
    (55.2)
    16.0
    (60.8)
    19.6
    (67.3)
    23.4
    (74.1)
    25.9
    (78.6)
    26.0
    (78.8)
    22.1
    (71.8)
    17.0
    (62.6)
    11.4
    (52.5)
    8.1
    (46.6)
    16.6
    (61.9)
    Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
    (41.2)
    5.6
    (42.1)
    8.6
    (47.5)
    11.0
    (51.8)
    14.5
    (58.1)
    18.0
    (64.4)
    20.2
    (68.4)
    20.2
    (68.4)
    16.8
    (62.2)
    13.0
    (55.4)
    8.3
    (46.9)
    5.5
    (41.9)
    12.2
    (54.0)
    Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
    (36.5)
    2.3
    (36.1)
    4.3
    (39.7)
    6.0
    (42.8)
    9.4
    (48.9)
    12.6
    (54.7)
    14.4
    (57.9)
    14.3
    (57.7)
    11.4
    (52.5)
    9.0
    (48.2)
    5.3
    (41.5)
    2.9
    (37.2)
    7.9
    (46.2)
    Record low °C (°F) −17.4
    (0.7)
    −14.2
    (6.4)
    −10.3
    (13.5)
    −3.4
    (25.9)
    −0.6
    (30.9)
    2.6
    (36.7)
    4.3
    (39.7)
    4.8
    (40.6)
    0.9
    (33.6)
    −2.3
    (27.9)
    −7.1
    (19.2)
    −18.5
    (−1.3)
    −18.5
    (−1.3)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.0
    (2.48)
    52.4
    (2.06)
    48.7
    (1.92)
    53.0
    (2.09)
    57.7
    (2.27)
    53.2
    (2.09)
    46.6
    (1.83)
    44.0
    (1.73)
    51.8
    (2.04)
    66.0
    (2.60)
    69.3
    (2.73)
    72.1
    (2.84)
    677.8
    (26.69)
    Average precipitation days 11.0 9.8 9.3 8.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 6.6 7.5 9.8 11.4 11.5 109.0
    Average snowy days 2.4 2.9 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.7 10.6
    Average relative humidity (%) 87 84 79 74 77 75 72 73 77 84 87 89 79.8
    Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.4 95.2 148.8 187.3 214.2 228.5 247.1 237.7 191.3 122.9 78.9 64.6 1,884.8
    Source 1: Météo France[6][7]
    Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[8]

    Sights

    [edit]
    Hôtel de Ville, Place Jean Jaurès
    St Gatien Cathedral, from Rue Lavoisier, just north of the Rue Colbert intersection.
    Pont Wilson

    Cathedral

    [edit]

    The Cathedral of Tours, dedicated to Saint Gatien, its canonized first bishop, was begun about 1170 to replace the cathedral that was burnt out in 1166 during the dispute between Louis VII of France and Henry II of England. The lowermost stages of the western towers belong to the 12th century, but the rest of the west end is in the profusely detailed 15th-century Flamboyant Gothic, which were completed just as the Renaissance was affecting the patrons who planned the châteaux of Touraine. The towers were being constructed at the same time as, for example, the Château de Chenonceau.

    When the 15th-century illuminator Jean Fouquet was set the task of illuminating Josephus's Jewish Antiquities, his depiction of Solomon's Temple was modelled on the nearly complete cathedral of Tours. The atmosphere of the Gothic cathedral close permeates Honoré de Balzac's dark short novel of jealousy and provincial intrigues, Le Curé de Tours (The Curate of Tours) and his medieval story Maître Cornélius opens in the cathedral itself.

    Other points of interest

    [edit]

    Language

    [edit]

    Before the French Revolution, the inhabitants of Tours (Les Tourangeaux) were known for speaking the "purest" form of French in the entire country.[9] The pronunciation of Touraine was traditionally regarded as the most standard pronunciation of the French language, until the 19th century when the standard pronunciation of French shifted to that of the Parisian bourgeoisie.[10] That is explained by the fact that the court of France lived in Touraine between 1430 and 1530. French, the language of the court, had become the official language of the entire kingdom.

    A Council of Tours in 813 decided that priests should preach sermons in different languages because the common people could no longer understand classical Latin. This was the first official recognition of an early French language distinct from Latin, and can be considered as the birth of French.

    The Ordinance of Montils-lès-Tours, promulgated by Charles VII in 1454, made it mandatory to write laws and oral customs in the native language of the area.

    An ordinance of Charles VIII (born in Amboise, near Tours) in 1490 and one of Louis XII (born in Blois, near Tours) in 1510 broaden the scope of the ordinance of Charles VII.

    Finally, the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, signed into law by Francis I in 1539, called for the use of French in all legal acts, notarized contracts and official legislation to avoid any linguistic confusion.

    Gregory of Tours wrote in the 6th century that some people in the area could still speak Gaulish.

    City

    [edit]
    Pont Wilson crosses the river Loire at the old civic core

    The city has a population of 140,000 and is called "Le Jardin de la France" ("The Garden of France"). There are several parks located within the city. Tours is located between two rivers, the Loire to the north and the Cher to the south. The buildings of Tours are white with blue slate (called Ardoise) roofs; this style is common in the north of France, while most buildings in the south of France have terracotta roofs.

    Tours is famous for its original medieval district, called le Vieux Tours. Unique to the Old City are its preserved half-timbered buildings and la Place Plumereau, a square with busy pubs and restaurants, whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square. The Boulevard Beranger crosses the Rue Nationale at the Place Jean-Jaures and is the location of weekly markets and fairs.

    Tours is famous for its many bridges crossing the river Loire. One of them, Wilson Bridge, collapsed in 1978 but was rebuilt.

    In the garden of the ancient Palais des Archevêques (now Musée des Beaux-Arts) is a huge cedar tree said to have been planted by Napoleon.[11] The garden also has a stuffed elephant named Fritz. He escaped from the Barnum and Bailey circus during their stay in Tours in 1902. He went mad and had to be shot down, but the city paid to honor him, and he was taxidermied as a result.

    Tours is home to University of Tours (formerly known as University François Rabelais of Tours), the site of one of the most important choral competitions, called Florilège Vocal de Tours International Choir Competition, and is a member city of the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing.

    Population

    [edit]

    The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Tours proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Tours absorbed the former commune of Saint-Étienne in 1845 and Sainte-Radegonde-en-Touraine and Saint-Symphorien in 1964.[12]

    Historical population
    Year Pop. ±% p.a.
    1793 21,000 —    
    1800 20,240 −0.53%
    1806 21,703 +1.17%
    1821 21,928 +0.07%
    1831 23,235 +0.58%
    1836 26,669 +2.80%
    1841 30,072 +2.43%
    1846 30,766 +0.46%
    1851 33,530 +1.74%
    1856 38,055 +2.56%
    1861 41,061 +1.53%
    1866 42,450 +0.67%
    1872 43,368 +0.36%
    1876 48,325 +2.74%
    1881 52,209 +1.56%
    1886 59,585 +2.68%
    1891 60,335 +0.25%
    1896 63,267 +0.95%
    Year Pop. ±% p.a.
    1901 64,695 +0.45%
    1906 67,601 +0.88%
    1911 73,398 +1.66%
    1921 75,096 +0.23%
    1926 77,192 +0.55%
    1931 78,585 +0.36%
    1936 83,753 +1.28%
    1946 80,044 −0.45%
    1954 83,618 +0.55%
    1962 92,944 +1.33%
    1968 128,120 +5.50%
    1975 140,686 +1.35%
    1982 132,209 −0.88%
    1990 129,509 −0.26%
    1999 132,820 +0.28%
    2007 136,578 +0.35%
    2012 134,978 −0.24%
    2017 135,787 +0.12%
     
    Source: EHESS[12] and INSEE (1968–2017)[13]

    Transportation

    [edit]
    Tram model, design by the French agency RCP Design Global

    Today, with extensive rail (including TGV) and autoroute connections linking to the rest of the country, Tours is a jumping-off point for tourist visits to the Loire Valley and the royal châteaux.

    Tours is on one of the main lines of the TGV. It is possible to travel to the west coast of Bordeaux in an hour and forty minutes. From there, the line follows the Mediterranean coast via Avignon, and then to Spain and Barcelona. There are also lines to Lyon, Strasbourg and Lille. It takes less than one hour by train to get from Tours to Paris by TGV and one and a half hours to get to Charles de Gaulle Airport. Tours has two main stations: Gare de Tours, the central station, and Gare de Saint-Pierre-des-Corps, used by trains that do not terminate in Tours.

    Tours Loire Valley Airport connects the Loire Valley to European cities.

    Historically, Tours was served by trams and trolleybuses, the trolleybus system lasting from 1949 to 1968. Tram service returned to the city in 2013, when a new tram system began operation. Twenty-one Alstom Citadis trams were ordered.[14]

    There is also a bus service, the main central stop being Jean Jaurès, next to the Hôtel de Ville, and rue Nationale, the high street of Tours. The tram and bus networks are operated by Fil Bleu and they share a ticketing system. A second tram line is scheduled for 2025.[15]

    Sport

    [edit]

    The city's football team, Tours FC, currently play in Championnat National 3, the fifth level of French football. They also have a second team, CCSP Tours. CCSP's home stadium is the Stade des Tourettes and they play in the Division d'Honneur Regionale de Centre, the seventh tier of the French football league system.[citation needed]

    Tours has served as the finish location for Paris–Tours, a one-day road cycling classic race held almost every October since 1896.[16]

    Tours also has a volleyball club named the Tours VB.

    Catholics from Tours

    [edit]
    Venerable Leo Dupont, Holy Man of Tours

    Tours is a special place for Catholics who follow the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus and the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. In 1843, Sister Marie of St Peter of Tours reported a vision which started the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus, in reparation for the many insults Christ suffered in His Passion. The Golden Arrow Prayer was first made public by her.

    The Venerable Leo Dupont also known as The Holy Man of Tours lived in Tours at about the same time. In 1849 he started the nightly adoration of the Blessed Sacrament, which spread throughout France. Upon hearing of Sister Marie of St Peter's reported visions, he started to burn a vigil lamp continuously before a picture of the Holy Face of Jesus. The devotion was eventually approved by Pope Pius XII in 1958 and he formally declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday) for all Roman Catholics.[17] The Oratory of the Holy Face on Rue St. Etienne in Tours receives many pilgrims every year.

    Tours was the site of the episcopal activity of St. Martin of Tours and has further Christian connotations in that the pivotal Battle of Tours in 732 is often considered the first decisive victory over the invading Islamic forces, turning the tide against them. The battle also helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire.[18]

    Notable people

    [edit]
    Louise de la Vallière, 17th.C
    General Régis de Trobriand, 1865

    Public service

    [edit]

    Arts

    [edit]
    Jean Fouquet self portrait, ca.1450
    Philippe Néricault Destouches, 1741
    statue of Honoré de Balzac

    Science and business

    [edit]
    Gabriel Lamé

    Sport

    [edit]
    Pascal Hervé, 2000

    Twin towns — sister cities

    [edit]

    Tours is twinned with:[28]

    [edit]

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
    2. ^ "Populations de référence 2022" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 19 December 2024.
    3. ^ "Comparateur de territoire". INSEE. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
    4. ^ Historia Brittonum 7, 10–11
    5. ^ The Andalusian History, from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92–897 A.H. (711–1492 C.E.), by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El-Hajji, a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University, published in Dar Al-Qalam, in Damascus, and in Beirut. "Second Edition". p. 194
    6. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Tours" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
    7. ^ "TOURS (37)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
    8. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Tours – St Symphorien (37) – altitude 112m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
    9. ^ "Tours, France". Meet Minneapolis. 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
    10. ^ de Montvalon, Jean-Baptiste. "Philippe Boula de Mareüil : « Les accents participent à la richesse de notre langue". Le Monde (in French). Paris. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
    11. ^ "City summary: Tours". us.media.france.fr.
    12. ^ a b Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Tours, EHESS (in French).
    13. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
    14. ^ "Tours selects Citadis and APS". Railway Gazette International. London. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
    15. ^ "Tramway de Tours – Le Tram de Tours". letramdetours.net.
    16. ^ "City tourism: Tours". Paris–Tours. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
    17. ^ Dorothy Scallan. "The Holy Man of Tours." (1990) ISBN 0-89555-390-2
    18. ^ Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
    19. ^ "Berengarius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 768–769.
    20. ^ "La Vallière, Louise Françoise de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–291.
    21. ^ "Viollet, Paul Marie" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 107.
    22. ^ "Foucquet, Jean" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 737.
    23. ^ Williamson, George Charles (1911). "Clouet, François" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 559–560.
    24. ^ "Destouches, Philippe" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 104.
    25. ^ "Dutens, Louis" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 736.
    26. ^ "Bouilly, Jean Nicolas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 318.
    27. ^ Saintsbury, George (1911). "Balzac, Honoré de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 298–301.
    28. ^ "Jumelages et partenariats". tours.fr (in French). Tours. Retrieved 16 November 2019.

    Further reading

    [edit]
    [edit]

     

    Frequently Asked Questions

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