Encouraging Proper Disposal of Obsolete Gadgets

Encouraging Proper Disposal of Obsolete Gadgets

Overview of typical electronic devices and their functions

In the modern era, technology has become an integral part of our lives, evolving at an unprecedented pace and bringing about significant improvements in how we communicate, work, and entertain ourselves. However, this rapid technological advancement comes with its own set of challenges, one of which is the growing issue of electronic waste or e-waste. Improper disposal of obsolete gadgets poses severe environmental and health risks that necessitate urgent attention and action.


Construction site clean-up is one of their popular services debris removal waste management.

E-waste consists of discarded electronic devices such as smartphones, computers, televisions, and other electronics that have reached the end of their useful life. These gadgets often contain hazardous materials like lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants. When not disposed of properly, these toxic substances can leach into the soil and groundwater, contaminating ecosystems and posing significant health risks to humans and wildlife alike.


One primary concern is the impact on human health. Communities living near informal e-waste recycling sites are exposed to toxic fumes released during burning or dismantling processes aimed at recovering valuable metals like gold and copper. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can lead to serious health conditions such as respiratory issues, neurological damage, developmental disorders in children, and even cancer. The vulnerability of marginalized communities cannot be overstated here; they bear the brunt of these adverse effects due to lack of access to safe recycling practices.


Moreover, improper e-waste disposal contributes significantly to environmental degradation. Toxic chemicals from discarded electronics seep into water bodies, affecting aquatic life and disrupting biodiversity. The release of greenhouse gases during informal recycling processes also exacerbates global warming. It becomes imperative for us as a society to adopt sustainable practices that mitigate these negative impacts while promoting ecological balance.


Encouraging proper disposal of obsolete gadgets requires a collective effort involving individuals, corporations, governments, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about the dangers associated with improper e-waste management among consumers who may unknowingly contribute to this growing problem. By informing them about available options for safe disposal or recycling programs provided by manufacturers or local authorities through campaigns or workshops - consumers become empowered agents for change.


Corporations too must take responsibility by implementing extended producer responsibility (EPR) initiatives which require them not only produce durable products but also facilitate convenient take-back systems ensuring responsible handling once their products reach end-of-life stage - thus closing loop within supply chain itself rather than externalizing costs onto society-at-large.


Governments should enact stringent regulations mandating environmentally sound practices across all stages involved in managing discarded electronics from collection & transportation down till final treatment phase where materials extracted safely without harming environment nor compromising public safety standards laid down globally recognized conventions like Basel Convention etc., thereby enforcing accountability amongst stakeholders involved throughout process chain ensuring compliance laws enacted thereof strictly enforced monitored regularly basis ensure effectiveness long-term objectives achieved sustainably over time horizon envisaged originally intended planners policymakers alike when first conceptualized initially thought drafts proposed legislation discussed debated various fora platforms worldwide since inception concept formulated decades ago now more relevant ever before given current context prevailing circumstances faced today globally interconnected world facing myriad challenges arising climate change pandemic induced disruptions supply chains geopolitical tensions trade wars economic downturns financial crises ongoing conflicts regional national levels affecting millions lives daily basis everywhere planet earth inhabiting presently future generations come after us inherit legacy left behind ancestors predecessors past eras bygone ages previous centuries millennia elapsed time immemorial recorded history mankind civilization evolution continuous journey progress advancement knowledge wisdom gained accumulated shared passed down successive epochs civilizations rise fall ebb flow tides humanity enduring spirit resilience triumph adversity ultimately prevail overcome

Importance of understanding the lifecycle in relation to e-waste —

In the rapidly evolving world of technology, electronic gadgets have become an integral part of our daily lives. From smartphones to laptops, these devices are indispensable tools that enhance communication, productivity, and entertainment. However, as innovation accelerates and new models continuously emerge, the lifespan of these gadgets shortens, leading to a growing issue: electronic waste or e-waste. Encouraging proper disposal of obsolete gadgets is a critical challenge in e-waste processing and recycling today.


One of the primary challenges in promoting proper disposal is the lack of awareness among consumers about the environmental impact of e-waste.

Encouraging Proper Disposal of Obsolete Gadgets - roll-off dumpster

  1. Absecon
  2. Montérégie
  3. dumpster
Many individuals are unaware that old electronics contain toxic materials such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. When improperly disposed of in landfills or incinerators, these substances can leach into soil and water systems, posing severe health risks to humans and wildlife alike. Educating the public about these dangers is paramount for motivating responsible disposal behaviors.


The convenience factor also plays a significant role in improper e-waste disposal. Busy lifestyles often lead people to choose easier options rather than environmentally responsible ones. For instance, instead of finding a designated recycling center for their outdated devices, some may opt to throw them away with regular trash due to time constraints or simply because they are unsure where or how to recycle them properly. Addressing this issue requires improving accessibility to e-waste collection points and streamlining processes so that recycling becomes as straightforward as possible.


Moreover, there is an economic aspect tied to encouraging proper gadget disposal. Consumers might not see immediate financial benefits from recycling electronics compared to simply discarding them. Incentive programs could be instrumental in changing this mindset by offering tangible rewards for returning old devices responsibly-whether through discounts on new purchases or redeemable credits at retail stores.


Furthermore, collaboration between governments, manufacturers, and environmental organizations is essential in establishing effective policies and infrastructure for e-waste management. Legislation mandating take-back programs by producers can ensure that companies share responsibility for the lifecycle impacts of their products. Meanwhile, partnerships with non-profits can amplify educational campaigns and expand outreach efforts aimed at increasing public participation in recycling initiatives.


Ultimately, tackling the challenge of encouraging proper disposal requires a multifaceted approach combining awareness-raising efforts with practical solutions that make it easy-and rewarding-for consumers to do their part. As we continue advancing technologically into an increasingly digital age where devices quickly become obsolete before our eyes; fostering sustainable practices around gadget disposal will be crucial not only for protecting our environment but also preserving resources vital for future generations' technological needs.

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Stages of the Electronic Device Lifecycle

In today's fast-paced digital world, electronic gadgets have become an integral part of our daily lives. From smartphones to laptops, these devices serve a multitude of purposes, from enhancing productivity to providing entertainment. However, the rapid technological advancements and frequent upgrades have led to a significant challenge-proper disposal of obsolete gadgets. Ensuring that these e-waste items are disposed of responsibly is crucial for safeguarding our environment and public health.


One effective strategy for encouraging proper disposal is raising consumer awareness about the environmental impact of e-waste. Many individuals are unaware of the hazardous materials contained in electronics, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can leach into soil and water if not disposed of correctly. Educational campaigns highlighting the dangers associated with improper disposal can motivate consumers to take action. Schools, community centers, and social media platforms can serve as excellent venues for disseminating this crucial information.


Another approach is implementing convenient take-back programs facilitated by manufacturers or electronic retailers. These programs allow consumers to return their obsolete gadgets at no additional cost when they purchase new ones. By making it easy and cost-effective for customers to recycle their old devices, companies can significantly increase participation rates in proper disposal practices. Moreover, offering incentives such as discounts on future purchases or rewards points can further encourage people to utilize these take-back programs.


Local governments also play a pivotal role in promoting proper e-waste disposal through legislation and infrastructure development. Establishing designated drop-off points or organizing periodic collection events makes it easier for residents to dispose of their obsolete electronics responsibly. Additionally, enacting regulations that mandate recycling or safe disposal processes ensures that both consumers and businesses adhere to environmentally friendly practices.


Furthermore, fostering partnerships between stakeholders-such as government agencies, non-profit organizations, businesses, and educational institutions-can enhance efforts towards responsible e-waste disposal. Collaborative initiatives can pool resources and expertise to develop comprehensive solutions tailored to specific communities' needs.


In conclusion, addressing the issue of e-waste requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses raising awareness, facilitating convenient recycling options through take-back programs, enacting supportive legislation by local governments, and fostering collaborative efforts among various stakeholders. By implementing these strategies effectively, we can mitigate the adverse effects of electronic waste on our environment while promoting sustainable consumption habits among individuals worldwide.

Stages of the Electronic Device Lifecycle

Design and manufacturing processes

The management of electronic waste, commonly known as e-waste, has become a critical concern in today's rapidly advancing technological landscape. With the ever-increasing production and consumption of electronic gadgets, governments worldwide face the daunting task of ensuring that obsolete devices are disposed of properly to minimize environmental harm and protect public health. Effective government policies and regulations play a pivotal role in encouraging the proper disposal of these gadgets, thus fostering sustainable practices and safeguarding our ecosystems.


One of the fundamental ways government policies contribute to e-waste management is by establishing clear guidelines and standards for disposal processes. Regulations that mandate manufacturers to design products with end-of-life considerations not only promote sustainability but also ease the recycling process. By requiring companies to implement take-back schemes or to offer incentives for returning old electronics, governments can significantly reduce the amount of e-waste ending up in landfills. These measures ensure that consumers have accessible and convenient options for disposing of their obsolete gadgets responsibly.


Moreover, governments can encourage proper disposal through awareness campaigns and educational initiatives aimed at informing the public about the hazards associated with improper e-waste handling. By highlighting how toxic substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium can leach into soil and water sources when discarded improperly, such campaigns motivate individuals to participate actively in responsible disposal practices. Education also empowers consumers with knowledge about existing recycling programs and facilities available within their communities.


Financial incentives serve as another powerful tool in government arsenals for promoting correct e-waste disposal. Tax breaks or subsidies for companies engaged in recycling operations can stimulate market growth in this sector while ensuring more efficient processing of electronic waste streams. Additionally, imposing higher fees on electronics sales without an associated recycling plan could deter manufacturers from non-compliance with established guidelines.


International cooperation is equally crucial where national efforts may fall short due to cross-border movement of e-waste materials-often destined for countries with less stringent regulatory frameworks-leading inadvertently towards environmental degradation elsewhere around globe . Collaborative agreements between nations help harmonize legislation across borders while facilitating knowledge exchange concerning best practices related handling discarded electronics effectively .


In conclusion , proactive involvement governmental bodies essential driving force behind successful strategies managing burgeoning issue posed by obsolete gadgets today . Through implementation comprehensive policies focused on regulation , education financial motivation , authorities capable steering society towards future characterized reduced ecological footprint greater emphasis placed upon resource conservation . Thus , fostering culture accountability responsibility among stakeholders pivotal achieving sustainable solutions complex challenge presented rapidly evolving digital age .

Usage phase: maintenance and longevity

Corporate Responsibility: How Companies Can Contribute to Proper Gadget Disposal


In today's fast-paced world, the rapid advancement of technology has led to an unprecedented increase in the production and consumption of electronic gadgets. While these devices have become integral to our daily lives, their disposal poses significant environmental challenges. As stewards of innovation, companies bear a crucial responsibility not only in creating cutting-edge technology but also in ensuring its sustainable end-of-life management. Encouraging proper disposal of obsolete gadgets is a vital aspect of corporate responsibility that can significantly mitigate environmental impact.


First and foremost, companies must take proactive measures to educate consumers about the importance of responsible gadget disposal.

Encouraging Proper Disposal of Obsolete Gadgets - roll-off dumpster

  1. United States of America
  2. mattress
  3. charitable organization
Many users are unaware of the potential hazards associated with improperly discarding electronic waste (e-waste), which can release harmful substances into the environment. By launching awareness campaigns, offering detailed guides on safe disposal practices, and collaborating with educational institutions to disseminate information, companies can empower consumers to make informed decisions.


Moreover, companies should invest in developing robust take-back programs that facilitate easy and convenient returns of old devices. These programs can be designed as part of a circular economy model where returned gadgets are either refurbished for resale or recycled for materials recovery. Providing incentives such as discounts on new purchases or trade-in credits can further encourage consumers to participate actively in these initiatives.


Partnerships between corporations and certified e-waste recyclers play a critical role in ensuring safe processing and recycling of obsolete gadgets. By working closely with reputable recycling firms, companies can guarantee that their products are dismantled responsibly, precious metals are recovered efficiently, and hazardous components are handled according to stringent environmental standards.


Innovation is another key lever for promoting sustainable gadget disposal. Companies should prioritize eco-design principles when developing new products-creating devices that are easier to disassemble and recycle while minimizing the use of toxic materials. Additionally, investing in research and development for advanced recycling technologies can push the industry toward more effective solutions for e-waste management.


Lastly, transparency is fundamental in building consumer trust regarding corporate efforts towards responsible gadget disposal. Companies must be open about their e-waste policies, goals for reducing environmental impact, and progress reports on sustainability initiatives. Regularly publishing data on collected volumes of e-waste and successful recycling outcomes will reassure stakeholders that corporations are committed to ethical practices.


In conclusion, encouraging proper disposal of obsolete gadgets is not merely an option but a necessity for businesses aiming to fulfill their corporate responsibility obligations. Through education, convenient take-back schemes, strategic partnerships with recyclers, innovative product design, and transparent communication-companies can lead by example in shaping a more sustainable future while preserving valuable resources for generations to come. The time has come for all players within the tech ecosystem to embrace this challenge wholeheartedly; after all-the responsibility lies at all our fingertips.

End-of-Life Management for Electronic Devices

In an era where technological advancement is swift and relentless, the issue of electronic waste, or e-waste, has emerged as a significant environmental challenge. The rapid pace at which gadgets become obsolete often leads to improper disposal practices that can have dire consequences on both the environment and human health. To tackle this growing problem, community engagement and education initiatives play a pivotal role in encouraging proper disposal of obsolete gadgets.


At the heart of these initiatives lies the necessity for raising awareness about the harmful impacts of e-waste. Many individuals remain unaware that their discarded electronics contain hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can leach into soil and water systems if not disposed of correctly. Community outreach programs must therefore focus on educating citizens about these dangers through workshops, seminars, and campaigns that highlight safe disposal methods.


Moreover, education initiatives should aim to inform communities about existing e-waste recycling facilities and services available to them. Often, people are willing to dispose of their gadgets responsibly but are simply unaware of how or where to do so. By providing clear information on local e-waste collection points or organizing regular pick-up drives, communities can make it easier for individuals to part with their old electronics in an environmentally friendly manner.


Engagement also comes from fostering a culture of responsibility towards gadget use and disposal among community members. Schools can incorporate lessons on sustainable technology use into their curricula, teaching young students about the life cycle of electronic products and instilling values of conservation and stewardship from an early age. Similarly, businesses can take part by offering incentives for customers who return old devices when purchasing new ones, thus promoting a circular economy approach.


Furthermore, leveraging local influencers or respected figures within communities can amplify these efforts.

Encouraging Proper Disposal of Obsolete Gadgets - charcoal

  1. charcoal
  2. roll-off dumpster
  3. laptop
When trusted voices advocate for proper e-waste management practices through social media platforms or community events, the message is more likely to resonate with a broader audience.


Ultimately, encouraging proper disposal of obsolete gadgets requires a collective effort where informed individuals act as catalysts for change within their communities. By embedding educational components into everyday interactions-be it through school programs, workplace policies, or neighborhood gatherings-we cultivate an informed citizenry capable of making conscientious decisions regarding e-waste.


In conclusion, community engagement and education initiatives serve as essential tools in addressing the challenges posed by e-waste management. Through awareness-raising campaigns and practical guidance on responsible disposal methods, we empower individuals with the knowledge needed to protect our environment from the toxic legacy left behind by outdated technology. As we continue our journey toward sustainability in this digital age, let us remember that each small step taken collectively paves the way for meaningful progress in safeguarding our planet for future generations.

 

Habitat for Humanity International
Founded 1976; 48 years ago (1976)
Americus, Georgia, U.S.
Founders Millard Fuller
Linda Fuller
Type Non-profit, interest group, Christian
Location
    • Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. (Administrative headquarters)
    • Americus, Georgia, U.S. (Global/international headquarters)
Services "Building simple, decent and affordable housing"
Fields Protecting human rights
Key people
 Jonathan Reckford, CEO
Website www.habitat.org

Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI), generally referred to as Habitat for Humanity or Habitat, is a U.S. non-governmental, and tax-exempt 501(C)(3) Christian nonprofit organization which seeks to build affordable housing.[1] The international operational headquarters are located in Americus, Georgia, United States, with the administrative headquarters located in Atlanta.[2] As of 2023, Habitat for Humanity operates in more than 70 countries.[3]

Habitat for Humanity works to help build and improve homes for families of low-income or disadvantaged backgrounds. Homes are built using volunteer labor, including that of Habitat homeowners through the practice of sweat equity, as well as paid contractors for certain construction or infrastructure activities as needed.[4] Habitat makes no profit from the sales.[2]

The organization operates with financial support from individuals, philanthropic foundations, corporations, government entities, and mass media companies.[5]

History

[edit]

Habitat for Humanity traces its roots to the establishment of the Humanity Fund by attorney Millard Fuller, his wife Linda, and Baptist theologian and farmer Clarence Jordan in 1968 at Koinonia Farm, an intercultural Christian intentional community farming community in Sumter County, Georgia, United States.[6] With the funds, 42 homes were built at Koinonia for families in need. In 1973, the Fullers decided to try the concept at a Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) mission in Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of Congo. After three successful years, the Fullers returned to the United States and founded Habitat for Humanity in 1976.[7]

In 2022, in Tempe, Arizona, Habitat for Humanity 3D-printed walls for a house when not enough labor was available.[8]

Ongoing programs

[edit]

A Brush With Kindness

[edit]

Habitat for Humanity's A Brush With Kindness is a locally operated program serving low-income homeowners who struggle to maintain the exterior of their homes. The program is a holistic approach to providing affordable housing and assisting communities as well as families. Groups of volunteers help homeowners with exterior maintenance. This typically includes painting, minor exterior repairs, landscaping, weatherization and exterior clean-up.[9]

Affiliates

[edit]
Dedication of Habitat for Humanity homes in Greenville, North Carolina

Jacksonville

[edit]

Habitat for Humanity of Jacksonville (called HabiJax), is one of the larger affiliate of Habitat for Humanity (HFH) in the United States. Habijax was named the eighth-largest homebuilder in the United States by Builder magazine for 2009.[10] HabiJax in 2023 marked 35 years of service and has provided homes to over 2,300 families.[11][12]

History

[edit]

The HabiJax affiliate was founded in 1988 by nine unnamed representatives from congregations in Jacksonville. Initial funding was secured from the Jessie Ball duPont Fund. Their first project was a house donated by the South Jacksonville Presbyterian Church that was moved, setup and rehabilitated for the first HabiJax homeowner family.[13]

New York City

[edit]

Habitat for Humanity New York City and Westchester County (Habitat NYC and Westchester) was founded in 1984 as an independent affiliate, serving families across the five boroughs through home construction and preservation, beginning with their first build on the Lower East Side, during the first-ever Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project.[14] This 19-unit building on East 6th Street, the first Habitat building in New York City, was completed in December 1986. In 1995, four different New York City affiliates united to form one affiliate—Habitat NYC. In 2020, the affiliate expanded its work into Westchester, becoming Habitat NYC and Westchester.[15] Karen Haycox was appointed CEO of Habitat NYC and Westchester in August 2015.[16]

Other special initiatives

[edit]

Habitat Bicycle Challenge

[edit]

The Habitat Bicycle Challenge (HBC), a nine-week, coast-to-coast bicycle trip undertaken to raise funds for Habitat for Humanity of Greater New Haven and to increase awareness of Habitat for Humanity in general, took place annually from 1995 to 2007. Prior to embarking in June on the 4,000-mile (6,400 km) trek, participants engaged in a seven-month fundraising campaign for Habitat for Humanity of Greater New Haven. Once on the road, they served as roaming advertisements for Habitat and gave nightly presentations explaining Habitat's mission to their hosts, usually church congregations. They also took part in builds with local Habitat chapters along the way. At its height, HBC attracted about 90 participants a year, all aged 18 to 24 and about half coming from Yale University. Each rider traveled one of three routes: New Haven to San Francisco, New Haven to Portland, or New Haven to Seattle. By 2004 HBC had become the single largest yearly fundraiser for any Habitat affiliate in the world, raising about $400,000 a year. However, amid growing safety concerns, Habitat for Humanity of Greater New Haven was forced to announce the cancellation of HBC in September 2007.[17]

Criticism

[edit]

Safety of volunteers

[edit]

Habitat for Humanity construction has led to serious injuries or death to some volunteers.[18][19][20]

Cost-effectiveness

[edit]

Habitat has been criticized for its slow and inefficient rebuilding efforts along the Gulf Coast after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.[21]

An article in the Weekly Standard, an American opinion magazine, questioned the cost-effectiveness of Habitat building projects. To estimate cost effectiveness, The Weekly Standard alleged that all costs associated with building a Habitat home must be used, including the cost of volunteer time and training.[22]

Habitat affiliates in the region have remained some of the largest homebuilders in their areas and have received numerous awards and acknowledgements for their work in building quality homes.[23]

Partnering with low-income families

[edit]

Families are required to show an ability to pay for their home in addition to the need for housing. With these requirements, homeless and low-income families may fail to qualify for a Habitat home. Most American Habitat affiliates perform credit checks and criminal record checks on applicants before partnering with them for the construction of a home. Some critics therefore allege that Habitat misrepresents the nature of its work by partnering with families that might be considered nearly "middle-income".[22] To address this, many Habitat affiliates in the United States partner only with families that fall below the government-set "poverty line" for their area. The current poverty rate is measured according to the United States Department of Health and Human Services Poverty Guidelines.[24]

Ousting of the founder

[edit]

The Habitat board investigated Millard Fuller for sexual harassment but found "insufficient proof of inappropriate conduct." Some Fuller supporters claim that the firing was due to a change in corporate culture.[25]

Before Fuller's termination, attempts were made by former President Jimmy Carter to broker an agreement that would allow Fuller to retire with his $79,000 salary intact; when Fuller was found to have violated the non-disclosure portion of this agreement, he was subsequently fired, and his wife, Linda was also fired.[26]

See also

[edit]
  • Architecture for Humanity
 

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Charity Navigator". www.charitynavigator.org. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Habitat for Humanity fact sheet". Habitat for Humanity International. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  3. ^ "Habitat's history". Habitat for Humanity. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  4. ^ "West Tuality Habitat for Humanity Completes Kidd Court Development, Celebrates Homeowner". West Tuality Habitat for Humanity. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  5. ^ "Corporate and foundation partners". Habitat for Humanity. 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  6. ^ Hatfield, Edward, Habitat for Humanity International, georgiaencyclopedia.org, USA, 2020
  7. ^ Helmut K. Anheier, Stefan Toepler, International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, Springer Science & Business Media, USA, 2009, p. 817
  8. ^ Davis-Young, Katherine (11 January 2022). "3D printed houses may be the future of the construction industry". NPR. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  9. ^ "Huntington Police Team with Habitat's Brush of Kindness". Huntington News. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  10. ^ Harding, Abel. "Habitat for Humanity now one of nation's ten largest homebuilders". Jacksonville.com. Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  11. ^ Patrick, Steve (4 August 2020). "HabiJax to build tiny houses in Lackawanna". News4jax.com. WJXT News4JAX.com. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  12. ^ Baldwin, Kerry. "Our Saviour Habijax ministry members give deserving families "a hand up rather than a handout"". Episcopal Church of Our Saviour. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  13. ^ O'Rourke, Mary Kay (29 March 2018). "HabiJax is committed to building both homes and hope". Jacksonville.com. Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  14. ^ "Our Story". habitatnycwc.org. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  15. ^ "Westchester County". habitatnycwc.org. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  16. ^ Habitat for Humanity (17 August 2015). "Karen Haycox Named CEO of Habitat for Humanity New York City" (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  17. ^ "Daniel Lewis et al. v. Habitat for Humanity of Greater New Haven, Inc. et al".
  18. ^ Todd, Jennifer (5 August 2010). "Volunteer dies in accident". LancasterOnline. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  19. ^ "OSHA's reach falls short of nonprofits". The Daily Reporter. 9 September 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  20. ^ "DeVries v. Paterson Habitat for Humanity". Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  21. ^ Eaton, Leslie; Strom, Stephanie (22 February 2007). "Volunteer Group Lags in Replacing Gulf Houses". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  22. ^ a b Chalk, Philip (13 June 2005). "Jimmy Carter's Favorite Charity". The Weekly Standard. 10 (37). New York: News America Publishing. ISSN 1083-3013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. (subscription required)
  23. ^ "Habitat for Humanity builds $90,000 green Miss. gem". USA Today.
  24. ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (31 January 2011). "Poverty Guidelines, Research, and Measurement". Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  25. ^ Jewell, Jim (7 February 2005). "Questions Follow Fuller's Firing from Habitat for Humanity". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  26. ^ Cooperman, Alan (9 March 2005). "Harassment Claims Roil Habitat for Humanity". The Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012.
[edit]
Habitat for Humanity at Wikipedia's sister projects
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  • News from Wikinews
  • Quotations from Wikiquote
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  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Habitat Armenia
 

 

For other uses, see Dump truck (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Garbage truck.
Freightliner Business Class M2 Dump Truck

A dump truck, known also as a dumping truck, dump trailer, dumper trailer, dump lorry or dumper lorry or a dumper for short, is used for transporting materials (such as dirt, gravel, or demolition waste) for construction as well as coal. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic rams to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. In the UK, Australia, South Africa and India the term applies to off-road construction plants only and the road vehicle is known as a tip lorry, tipper lorry (UK, India), tipper truck, tip truck, tip trailer or tipper trailer or simply a tipper (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa).

History

[edit]
The Graff & Hipple Wagon Dumper, c. 1884, showing an early lever-based dumping mechanism

The dump truck is thought to have been first conceived in the farms of late 19th century western Europe. Thornycroft developed a steam dust-cart in 1896 with a tipper mechanism.[1] The first motorized dump trucks in the United States were developed by small equipment companies such as The Fruehauf Trailer Corporation, Galion Buggy Co. and Lauth-Juergens among many others around 1910.[2] Hydraulic dump beds were introduced by Wood Hoist Co. shortly after. Such companies flourished during World War I due to massive wartime demand. August Fruehauf had obtained military contracts for his semi-trailer, invented in 1914 and later created the partner vehicle, the semi-truck for use in World War I. After the war, Fruehauf introduced hydraulics in his trailers. They offered hydraulic lift gates, hydraulic winches and a dump trailer for sales in the early 1920s. Fruehauf became the premier supplier of dump trailers and their famed "bathtub dump" was considered to be the best by heavy haulers, road and mining construction firms.[3][4][5]

Companies like Galion Buggy Co. continued to grow after the war by manufacturing a number of express bodies and some smaller dump bodies that could be easily installed on either stock or converted (heavy-duty suspension and drivetrain) Model T chassis prior to 1920. Galion and Wood Mfg. Co. built all of the dump bodies offered by Ford on their heavy-duty AA and BB chassis during the 1930s.[6][7] Galion (now Galion Godwin Truck Body Co.) is the oldest known truck body manufacturer still in operation today.

The first known Canadian dump truck was developed in Saint John, New Brunswick, when Robert T. Mawhinney attached a dump box to a flatbed truck in 1920. The lifting device was a winch attached to a cable that fed over sheave (pulley) mounted on a mast behind the cab. The cable was connected to the lower front end of the wooden dump box which was attached by a pivot at the back of the truck frame. The operator turned a crank to raise and lower the box.[8][9]

From the 1930s Euclid, International-Harvester and Mack contributed to ongoing development. Mack modified its existing trucks with varying success. In 1934 Euclid became the first manufacturer in the world to successfully produce a dedicated off-highway truck.[10]

A dump truck with continuous track wheels crosses a river and dumps its load in Kanagawa, Japan

Types

[edit]

Today, virtually all dump trucks operate by hydraulics and they come in a variety of configurations each designed to accomplish a specific task in the construction material supply chain.

Standard dump truck

[edit]

A standard dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The bed is raised by a vertical hydraulic ram mounted under the front of the body (known as a front post hoist configuration), or a horizontal hydraulic ram and lever arrangement between the frame rails (known as an underbody hoist configuration), and the back of the bed is hinged at the back of the truck. The tailgate (sometimes referred to as an end gate) can be configured to swing up on top hinges (and sometimes also to fold down on lower hinges)[11] or it can be configured in the "High Lift Tailgate" format wherein pneumatic or hydraulic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body. Some bodies, typically for hauling grain, have swing-out doors for entering the box and a metering gate/chute in the center for a more controlled dumping.

In the United States most standard dump trucks have one front steering axle and one (4x2[a] 4-wheeler) or two (6x4 6-wheeler) rear axles which typically have dual wheels on each side. Tandem rear axles are almost always powered,[b] front steering axles are also sometimes powered (4x4, 6x6). Unpowered axles are sometimes used to support extra weight.[c] Most unpowered rear axles can be raised off the ground to minimize wear when the truck is empty or lightly loaded, and are commonly called "lift axles".[12][13]

European Union heavy trucks often have two steering axles. Dump truck configurations are two, three, and four axles. The four-axle eight wheeler has two steering axles at the front and two powered axles at the rear[14] and is limited to 32 metric tons (35 short tons; 31 long tons) gross weight in most EU countries.[15] The largest of the standard European dump trucks is commonly called a "centipede" and has seven axles. The front axle is the steering axle, the rear two axles are powered, and the remaining four are lift axles.[16]

The shorter wheelbase of a standard dump truck often makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks.

  • An Ashok Leyland Comet dump truck, an example of a very basic 4×2 dump truck used for payloads of 10 metric tons (11.0 short tons; 9.8 long tons) or less
    An Ashok Leyland Comet dump truck, an example of a very basic 4×2 dump truck used for payloads of 10 metric tons (11.0 short tons; 9.8 long tons) or less
  • US 4-axle with lift axle
    US 4-axle with lift axle
  • EU four-axle with two steering axles
    EU four-axle with two steering axles

Semi trailer end dump truck

[edit]
6×4 semi-tractor with two-axle trailer

A semi end dump is a tractor-trailer combination wherein the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist. In the US a typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle trailer with dual tires, in the EU trailers often have 3 axles and single tires. The key advantage of a semi end dump is a large payload. A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable when raised in the dumping position limiting their use in many applications where the dumping location is uneven or off level.[17] Some end dumps make use of an articulated arm (known as a stabilizer) below the box, between the chassis rails, to stabilize the load in the raised position.

Frame and Frameless end dump truck

Depending on the structure, semi trailer end dump truck can also be divided into frame trailer and frameless trailer.[18]

The main difference between them is the different structure. The frame dump trailer has a large beam that runs along the bottom of the trailer to support it. The frameless dump trailer has no frame under the trailer but has ribs that go around the body for support and the top rail of the trailer serves as a suspension bridge for support.

The difference in structure also brings with it a difference in weight. Frame dump trailers are heavier. For the same length, a frame dump trailer weighs around 5 ton more than a frameless dump trailer.

Transfer dump truck

[edit]
Example of a transfer truck and two trailers

A transfer dump truck is a standard dump truck pulling a separate trailer with a movable cargo container, which can also be loaded with construction aggregate, gravel, sand, asphalt, klinkers, snow, wood chips, triple mix, etc.

The second aggregate container on the trailer ("B" box),[19] is powered by an electric motor, a pneumatic motor or a hydraulic line. It rolls on small wheels, riding on rails from the trailer's frame into the empty main dump container ("A" box). This maximizes payload capacity without sacrificing the maneuverability of the standard dump truck. Transfer dump trucks are typically seen in the western United States due to the peculiar weight restrictions on highways there.

Another configuration is called a triple transfer train, consisting of a "B" and "C" box. These are common on Nevada and Utah Highways, but not in California. Depending on the axle arrangement, a triple transfer can haul up to 129,000 kilograms (284,000 pounds) with a special permit in certain American states. As of 2007, a triple transfer costs a contractor about $105 an hour, while a A/B configuration costs about $85 per hour.

Transfer dump trucks typically haul between 26 and 27 short tons (23.6 and 24.5 t; 23.2 and 24.1 long tons) of aggregate per load, each truck is capable of 3–5 loads per day, generally speaking.

Truck and pup

[edit]
Truck and pup dump truck

A truck and pup is very similar to a transfer dump. It consists of a standard dump truck pulling a dump trailer. The pup trailer, unlike the transfer, has its own hydraulic ram and is capable of self-unloading.

Superdump truck

[edit]
Fruehauf super dump with GMC tractor

A super dump is a straight dump truck equipped with a trailing axle, a liftable, load-bearing axle rated as high as 13,000 pounds (5,897 kg). Trailing 11 to 13 feet (3.35 to 3.96 m) behind the rear tandem, the trailing axle stretches the outer "bridge" measurement—the distance between the first and last axles—to the maximum overall length allowed. This increases the gross weight allowed under the federal bridge formula, which sets standards for truck size and weight. Depending on the vehicle length and axle configuration, Superdumps can be rated as high as 80,000 pounds (36,287 kg) GVW and carry 26 short tons (23.6 t; 23.2 long tons) of payload or more. When the truck is empty or ready to offload, the trailing axle toggles up off the road surface on two hydraulic arms to clear the rear of the vehicle. Truck owners call their trailing axle-equipped trucks Superdumps because they far exceed the payload, productivity, and return on investment of a conventional dump truck. The Superdump and trailing axle concept were developed by Strong Industries of Houston, Texas.

Semi trailer bottom dump truck

[edit]
Bottom dump trailer.

A semi bottom dump, bottom hopper, or belly dump is a (commonly) 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle trailer with a clam shell type dump gate in the belly of the trailer. The key advantage of a semi bottom dump is its ability to lay material in a windrow, a linear heap. In addition, a semi bottom dump is maneuverable in reverse, unlike the double and triple trailer configurations described below. These trailers may be found either of the windrow type shown in the photo or may be of the cross spread type, with the gate opening front to rear instead of left and right. The cross spread type gate will actually spread the cereal grains fairly and evenly from the width of the trailer. By comparison, the windrow-type gate leaves a pile in the middle. The cross spread type gate, on the other hand, tends to jam and may not work very well with coarse materials.

Double and triple trailer bottom dump truck

[edit]

Double and triple bottom dumps consist of a 2-axle tractor pulling one single-axle semi-trailer and an additional full trailer (or two full trailers in the case of triples). These dump trucks allow the driver to lay material in windrows without leaving the cab or stopping the truck. The main disadvantage is the difficulty in backing double and triple units.

The specific type of dump truck used in any specific country is likely to be closely keyed to the weight and axle limitations of that jurisdiction. Rock, dirt, and other types of materials commonly hauled in trucks of this type are quite heavy, and almost any style of truck can be easily overloaded. Because of that, this type of truck is frequently configured to take advantage of local weight limitations to maximize the cargo. For example, within the United States, the maximum weight limit is 40 short tons (36.3 t; 35.7 long tons) throughout the country, except for specific bridges with lower limits. Individual states, in some instances, are allowed to authorize trucks up to 52.5 short tons (47.6 t; 46.9 long tons). Most states that do so require that the trucks be very long, to spread the weight over more distance. It is in this context that double and triple bottoms are found within the United States.

Bumper Pull Dump Trailer

[edit]

Bumper Pull personal and commercial Dump Trailers come in a variety of sizes from smaller 6x10 7,000 GVWR models to larger 7x16 High Side 14,000[20] GVWR models.

Dump trailers come with a range of options and features such as tarp kits, high side options, dump/spread/swing gates, remote control, scissor, telescop, dual or single cylinder lifts, and metal locking toolboxes. They offer the perfect solution for a variety of applications, including roofing, rock and mulch delivery, general contractors, skid steer grading, trash out, and recycling.

Side dump truck

[edit]
Side Dump Industries Train Set.

A side dump truck (SDT) consists of a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer. It has hydraulic rams that tilt the dump body onto its side, spilling the material to either the left or right side of the trailer. The key advantages of the side dump are that it allows rapid unloading and can carry more weight in the western United States. In addition, it is almost immune to upset (tipping over) while dumping, unlike the semi end dumps which are very prone to tipping over. It is, however, highly likely that a side dump trailer will tip over if dumping is stopped prematurely. Also, when dumping loose materials or cobble sized stone, the side dump can become stuck if the pile becomes wide enough to cover too much of the trailer's wheels. Trailers that dump at the appropriate angle (50° for example) avoid the problem of the dumped load fouling the path of the trailer wheels by dumping their loads further to the side of the truck, in some cases leaving sufficient clearance to walk between the dumped load and the trailer.

Winter service vehicles

[edit]
Dump truck with snowplow

Many winter service vehicles are based on dump trucks, to allow the placement of ballast to weigh the truck down or to hold sodium or calcium chloride salts for spreading on snow and ice-covered surfaces. Plowing is severe service and needs heavy-duty trucks.

Roll-off trucks

[edit]

A Roll-off has a hoist and subframe, but no body, it carries removable containers. The container is loaded on the ground, then pulled onto the back of the truck with a winch and cable. The truck goes to the dumpsite, after it has been dumped the empty container is taken and placed to be loaded or stored. The hoist is raised and the container slides down the subframe so the rear is on the ground. The container has rollers on the rear and can be moved forward or back until the front of it is lowered onto the ground. The containers are usually open-topped boxes used for rubble and building debris,[21] but rubbish compactor containers are also carried. A newer hook-lift system ("roller container" in the UK) does the same job, but lifts, lowers, and dumps the container with a boom arrangement instead of a cable and hoist.[22][23]

  • Roll-off with box container
    Roll-off with box container
  • Roller container
    Roller container

Off-highway dump trucks

[edit]

Off-highway dump trucks[24] are heavy construction equipment and share little resemblance to highway dump trucks. Bigger off-highway dump trucks are used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs. There are two primary forms: rigid frame and articulating frame.

The term "dump" truck is not generally used by the mining industry, or by the manufacturers that build these machines. The more appropriate U.S. term for this strictly off-road vehicle is "haul truck" and the equivalent European term is "dumper".

Haul truck

[edit]
Main article: Haul truck
Small 200 Ton Caterpillar Haul truck.

Haul trucks are used in large surface mines and quarries. They have a rigid frame and conventional steering with drive at the rear wheel. As of late 2013, the largest ever production haul truck is the 450 metric ton BelAZ 75710, followed by the Liebherr T 282B, the Bucyrus MT6300AC and the Caterpillar 797F, which each have payload capacities of up to 400 short tons (363 t; 357 long tons). The previous record holder being the Canadian-built Terex 33-19 "Titan", having held the record for over 25 years. Most large-size haul trucks employ Diesel-electric powertrains, using the Diesel engine to drive an AC alternator or DC generator that sends electric power to electric motors at each rear wheel. The Caterpillar 797 is unique for its size, as it employs a Diesel engine to power a mechanical powertrain, typical of most road-going vehicles and intermediary size haul trucks. Other major manufacturers of haul trucks include SANY, XCMG, Hitachi, Komatsu, DAC, Terex, and BelAZ.

Articulated hauler

[edit]
Main article: Articulated hauler
Articulated dump truck or dumper

An articulated dumper is an all-wheel-drive, off-road dump truck. It has a hinge between the cab and the dump box but is distinct from a semi-trailer truck in that the power unit is a permanent fixture, not a separable vehicle. Steering is accomplished via hydraulic cylinders that pivot the entire tractor in relation to the trailer, rather than rack and pinion steering on the front axle as in a conventional dump truck. By this way of steering, the trailer's wheels follow the same path as the front wheels. Together with all-wheel drive and low center of gravity, it is highly adaptable to rough terrain. Major manufacturers include Volvo CE, Terex, John Deere, and Caterpillar.

U-shaped dump truck

[edit]

U-shaped dump trucks, also known as tub-body trucks, is used to transport construction waste, it is made of high-strength super wear-resistant special steel plate directly bent, and has the characteristics of impact resistance, alternating stress resistance, corrosion resistance and so on.

1. Cleaner unloading U-shaped dump truck, there is no dead angle at the corners of the cargo box, it is not easy to stick to the box when unloading, and the unloading is cleaner.

2. Lightweight The U-shaped cargo box reduces its own weight through structural optimization. Now the most common U-shaped dump is to use high-strength plates. Under the premise of ensuring the strength of the car body, the thickness of the plate is reduced by about 20%, and the self-weight of the car is reduced by about 1 ton, which effectively improves the utilization factor of the load mass.

3. Strong carrying capacity. Using high-strength steel plate, high yield strength, better impact resistance and fatigue resistance. For users of ore transportation, it can reduce the damage of ore to the container.

4. Low center of gravity The U-shaped structure has a lower center of gravity, which makes the ride more stable, especially when cornering, and avoids spilling cargo.

5. Save tires The U-shaped cargo box can keep the cargo in the center, and the tires on both sides are more evenly stressed, which is beneficial to improve the life of the tires.

Dangers

[edit]

Collisions

[edit]

Dump trucks are normally built for some amount of off-road or construction site driving; as the driver is protected by the chassis and height of the driver's seat, bumpers are either placed high or omitted for added ground clearance. The disadvantage is that in a collision with a standard car, the entire motor section or luggage compartment goes under the truck. Thus, the passengers in the car could be more severely injured than would be common in a collision with another car. Several countries have made rules that new trucks should have bumpers approximately 40 cm (16 in) above ground in order to protect other drivers. There are also rules about how long the load or construction of the truck can go beyond the rear bumper to prevent cars that rear-end the truck from going under it.[25]

Tipping

[edit]

Another safety consideration is the leveling of the truck before unloading. If the truck is not parked on relatively horizontal ground, the sudden change of weight and balance due to lifting of the body and dumping of the material can cause the truck to slide, or even to tip over.[26] The live bottom trailer is an approach to eliminate this danger.

Back-up accidents

[edit]

Because of their size and the difficulty of maintaining visual contact with on-foot workers, dump trucks can be a threat, especially when backing up.[27] Mirrors and back-up alarms provide some level of protection, and having a spotter working with the driver also decreases back-up injuries and fatalities.[28]

Manufacturers

[edit]
  • Ashok Leyland
  • Asia MotorWorks
  • Astra Veicoli Industriali
  • BelAZ
  • BEML
  • Case CE
  • Caterpillar Inc.
  • DAC
  • Daewoo
  • Dart (commercial vehicle)
  • Eicher Motors
  • Euclid Trucks
  • FAP
  • HEPCO
  • Hitachi Construction Machinery
  • Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe)
  • Iveco
  • John Deere
  • Kamaz
  • Kenworth
  • Kioleides
  • Komatsu
  • KrAZ
  • Leader Trucks
  • Liebherr Group
  • Mack Trucks
  • Mahindra Trucks & Buses Ltd.
  • MAN SE
  • Mercedes-Benz
  • Navistar International
  • New Holland
  • Peterbilt
  • SANY
  • Scania AB
  • ST Kinetics
  • Tata
  • Tatra (company)
  • Terex Corporation
  • Volvo Construction Equipment
  • Volvo Trucks
  • XCMG

See also

[edit]
  • Cement mixer truck
  • Road roller
  • Combine harvester
  • Tractor
  • Crane construction (truck)
  • Bulldozer
  • Forklift
  • Dumper
  • Garbage truck
  • Live bottom trailer
  • Rear-eject haul truck bodies

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Number of wheels × number of powered wheels, with dual tires counted as a single wheel.
  2. ^ Some very heavy-duty trucks have a "tridem" with 3 powered axles.
  3. ^ Dump trucks are usually used locally, and are only subject to state limits, which can be heavier than interstate limits

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "An Automobile Dust-Cart". The Automotor and Horseless Carriage Journal, October 1897, p24
  2. ^ Wood, Donald (2001). Dump Trucks. 729 Prospect Ave. Osceola, WI 54020: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 6–9.cite book: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ "The Fruehauf Trailer Historical Society". singingwheels.com.
  4. ^ "Terrific Transportation Inventions by Laura Hamilton Waxman Copyright 2014 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., pp 20". lernerbooks.com.
  5. ^ Home Front Heroes: A Biographical Dictionary of Americans During Wartime. Edited by Benjamin F. Shearer, November 30, 2006, Volume 1, pp 319, Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Westport, Connecticut
  6. ^ Wood, Donald (2001). Dump Trucks. 729 Prospect Ave. Osceola, WI 54020: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 11–30.cite book: CS1 maint: location (link)
  7. ^ Wanger, James (1994). Ford Trucks Since 1905. Motorbooks Intl.
  8. ^ Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions 1833-1950, Goose Lane Editions, 2001, p. 71
  9. ^ "Saint John, New Brunswick First". new-brunswick.net. Archived from the original on 2010-02-18. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
  10. ^ "Classic Machines: Euclid's R-15 dump truck - Contractor Magazine". Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  11. ^ "Dump Truck Operator Manual" (PDF). Galion-Godwin Truck Body Co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  12. ^ "WorkStar (sales brochure)" (PDF). internationaltrucks.com. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 Sep 2016.
  13. ^ "Granite Series (sales brochure)". macktrucks.com. 2016. Retrieved 21 Sep 2016.
  14. ^ "Fruehauf Legendary Excellence (sales site)". Fruehauf Ltd. 2016. Retrieved 21 Sep 2016.
  15. ^ "Council Directive 96/53/EC laying down for certain road vehicles circulating within the Community the maximum authorized dimensions in national and international traffic and the maximum authorized weights in international traffic". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 Sep 2016.
  16. ^ "Home". rsa.ie. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
  17. ^ "Dump Equipment Operation and Service Manual" (PDF). East Manufacturing. 2000. pp. 1-15 to 1-17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-18. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  18. ^ "Frame And Frameless Dump Trailers". Semi Trailers Manufacturer, Semi Trucks for Sale - Three Horses Trailer.
  19. ^ Patrice Raunet - Los Angeles - California (14 December 2007). "TRANSFER DUMP TRUCKS - B-BOX". Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
  20. ^ "Dump Trailers For Sale in GA | A&A Center Trailers". www.aacenter.net. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  21. ^ "Operation, Installation, Service, and Parts Manual for Tandem Cable Roll-off Hoist" (PDF). galbreathproducts.com. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 23 Sep 2016.
  22. ^ "Перевозка негабаритных грузов в Краснодаре, в Ставрополе, в Ростове, в Крыму и по всей России". avto-oligarh.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  23. ^ "Galbreath Hoists (company site)". Ggalbreathproducts.com. 2016. Retrieved 23 Sep 2016.
  24. ^ "The Super Haul Truck" (PDF). Britannia Mine Museum. BC Museum of Mining Education Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  25. ^ "Vehicles underrun protection arrangements". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  26. ^ "Owners Manual Dump Trailers" (PDF). Mac Trailers. 2010. pp. 22–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  27. ^ A Laborer Dies in a Street Work Zone after Being Backed Over by a Dump Truck. Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. California Case Report: 07CA001.
  28. ^ "A Construction Inspector Dies After Being Backed Over by a Ten-wheel Asphalt Dump Truck". Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program. 15 December 2020. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. California FACE Investigation 00CA005.
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