Understanding Flat Fee Arrangements in Waste Removal

Understanding Flat Fee Arrangements in Waste Removal

Overview of typical electronic devices and their functions

The escalating generation of electronic waste, commonly referred to as e-waste, is a pressing concern in our modern society. As technology advances at an unprecedented pace, the lifespan of electronic devices shortens, leading to an ever-growing pile of discarded gadgets. The importance of effective e-waste processing and management cannot be overstated, particularly when considering flat fee arrangements in waste removal services.


E-waste contains hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, and cadmium that pose significant environmental risks if not properly managed. These toxic substances can leach into the soil and water systems, causing harm to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, efficient e-waste processing is crucial to mitigate these potential dangers. Construction site clean-up is one of their popular services trash removal chambers of commerce. This involves not only the safe disposal of harmful components but also the recovery and recycling of valuable materials like gold, silver, and copper that are embedded within these devices.


Flat fee arrangements in waste removal services can play a pivotal role in managing e-waste sustainably. By establishing a set price for the collection and processing of electronic waste, these arrangements encourage responsible disposal among consumers who might otherwise be deterred by variable costs or hidden fees. Flat fees provide transparency and predictability, allowing individuals and businesses to budget effectively for their waste management needs.


Furthermore, flat fee structures incentivize waste removal companies to optimize their operations. With a fixed income per unit of collected e-waste, these companies have a financial motivation to enhance their recycling processes and improve efficiency. This can lead to innovations in sorting technologies or partnerships with specialized recycling facilities that extract maximum value from discarded electronics while minimizing environmental impact.


In addition to economic benefits, flat fee arrangements contribute positively to social awareness about e-waste issues. When consumers see a straightforward cost associated with disposing of their old electronics responsibly, it reinforces the notion that proper e-waste management is an integral part of technological consumption. This awareness fosters more conscientious behavior regarding device usage patterns and encourages longer product lifespans through repairs or upgrades rather than outright replacements.


Ultimately, addressing the challenges posed by e-waste requires collective effort across various sectors-government regulations must support sustainable practices; manufacturers should design products with end-of-life considerations; consumers need education on responsible disposal methods; and waste management companies must adopt efficient strategies like flat fee arrangements to facilitate this process.


By understanding how these components interact within the context of waste removal services' pricing models-specifically those involving flat fees-we gain valuable insights into creating effective solutions for managing our growing mountain of electronic refuse responsibly while preserving environmental integrity for future generations.

Importance of understanding the lifecycle in relation to e-waste —

In the modern world, the efficient and responsible management of electronic waste, or e-waste, is becoming increasingly crucial. As technology rapidly evolves, so too does the amount of discarded gadgets, leading to a pressing need for effective waste removal strategies. One prominent solution is the flat fee arrangement for e-waste processing.

Understanding Flat Fee Arrangements in Waste Removal - LCD television

  1. green waste
  2. sustainability
  3. television set
Understanding this approach reveals numerous benefits that make it an attractive option for both service providers and customers.


At its core, a flat fee arrangement simplifies the billing process by charging a fixed rate for services rendered, irrespective of the volume or complexity of the waste processed. This model offers predictability in costs, which is particularly advantageous for businesses that generate consistent amounts of e-waste. By knowing exactly what they will be charged ahead of time, companies can more accurately budget their expenses without fear of unexpected price fluctuations.


Additionally, flat fee arrangements promote transparency and trust between service providers and clients. In traditional models where fees are variable based on weight or type of materials handled, there's often room for disputes over pricing discrepancies. A flat fee eliminates these concerns by establishing clear expectations from the outset. Clients appreciate this straightforwardness as it ensures there are no hidden charges or surprise costs at the end of a transaction.


Moreover, such arrangements encourage efficiency within waste processing operations. Since service providers receive a set payment regardless of workload variations, they are incentivized to optimize their processes to handle more volume efficiently without compromising on quality. This can lead to improved services as companies innovate and streamline their operations to maximize profitability under a fixed revenue structure.


For customers focused on sustainability and environmental responsibility, flat fee arrangements also offer peace of mind regarding ethical disposal practices. Reputable e-waste processors adhering to this model are likely to have established robust systems that ensure safe handling and proper recycling methods because their business thrives on long-term relationships built on reliability rather than short-term gains from excessive variable fees.


Furthermore, small businesses and organizations with limited resources benefit significantly from flat fee structures as they provide access to professional waste management services at an affordable rate. They avoid being penalized with exorbitant fees due to smaller loads compared to larger corporations benefiting equally from standardized rates.


In conclusion, understanding flat fee arrangements in e-waste processing highlights several key benefits: cost predictability and budgeting ease; enhanced transparency fostering trust; operational efficiency incentives; commitment towards sustainable practices; and inclusivity for smaller entities seeking affordable solutions. As global e-waste challenges continue to grow alongside technological advancements-embracing such pragmatic approaches not only supports current needs but also paves way toward a more sustainable future in waste management initiatives worldwide.

Governments Introduce Subsidies to Boost E-Waste Processing Facilities

 Governments Introduce Subsidies to Boost E-Waste Processing Facilities

The issue of electronic waste, commonly referred to as e-waste, has become increasingly pressing in our modern digital age.. As technology advances at a rapid pace, older devices quickly become obsolete, leading to an ever-growing pile of discarded electronics.

Posted by on 2024-12-07

Junk Removal Companies Embrace Tiered Pricing Models to Cater to Diverse Needs

 Junk Removal Companies Embrace Tiered Pricing Models to Cater to Diverse Needs

As we look toward the future of junk removal, an industry that is both essential and ever-evolving, it becomes clear that pricing strategies will play a pivotal role in shaping its trajectory.. Among the emerging trends, tiered pricing models have gained significant traction as companies strive to cater to the diverse needs of their clientele.

Posted by on 2024-12-07

Stages of the Electronic Device Lifecycle

Understanding Flat Fee Arrangements in Waste Removal: Cost-Effectiveness and Budgeting Advantages


In the realm of waste management, choosing the right pricing structure can significantly influence both operational efficiency and financial planning. One such pricing strategy that has gained traction is the flat fee arrangement. This model offers a set cost for waste removal services over a specified period or volume, providing distinct advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness and budgeting.


At its core, a flat fee arrangement simplifies the financial aspect of waste management. By offering a predetermined rate, it eliminates the unpredictability often associated with variable pricing models where costs fluctuate based on factors like waste volume or frequency of pickup. This stability is particularly advantageous for businesses seeking to maintain tight budgetary controls. With a flat fee, organizations can forecast their expenses with greater precision, enabling more accurate financial planning and resource allocation.


Moreover, flat fee arrangements can lead to significant cost savings over time. Unlike traditional models that may charge per pickup or by weight, a flat fee provides an incentive to optimize waste management practices internally. Businesses are motivated to reduce waste generation and improve recycling efforts since these actions do not translate into immediate cost reductions under variable pricing schemes. Thus, by promoting sustainable practices, companies not only contribute positively to environmental goals but also potentially lower their overall expenditure on waste services in the long run.


From an administrative perspective, managing finances under a flat fee arrangement is considerably more streamlined. Accounting departments benefit from having consistent invoices that reflect fixed amounts each billing cycle. This consistency reduces administrative workload related to processing payments and reconciling accounts for fluctuating charges-a welcome simplification for any busy finance team.


Additionally, vendors offering flat fee arrangements often provide comprehensive service packages that cover all aspects of waste removal without additional hidden fees or surcharges. This all-inclusive approach ensures clients receive consistent service quality without unexpected costs cropping up mid-contract-another layer of assurance in maintaining fiscal discipline.


However, while the benefits are apparent, it's crucial for businesses considering this model to thoroughly assess their average waste output and needs before committing to a contract. Overestimating requirements could result in paying more than necessary if actual usage falls short of the agreed terms.


In conclusion, adopting a flat fee arrangement for waste removal services offers substantial cost-effectiveness and budgeting advantages. By ensuring predictable expenses and encouraging efficient waste management practices, this model supports businesses in achieving both economic and environmental objectives concurrently. As organizations continue navigating complex market landscapes with varying demands on resources, embracing such innovative approaches could prove pivotal in driving sustainable growth and operational excellence.

Stages of the Electronic Device Lifecycle

Design and manufacturing processes

Implementing flat fee models in waste removal services presents a unique set of challenges and considerations that businesses must navigate to ensure both operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. Flat fee arrangements, where customers pay a set price regardless of the amount of waste they produce, offer simplicity and predictability. However, achieving a balance between these benefits and potential drawbacks requires careful planning and execution.


One of the primary challenges in adopting flat fee models is accurately setting the fee itself. Businesses need to carefully analyze their costs, including collection, transportation, disposal, and administrative expenses, to determine a price point that covers these costs while remaining competitive in the market. Mispricing can lead to significant financial losses if fees are too low or loss of customers if fees are perceived as too high.


Another consideration is the variability in waste production among different customers. Not all clients generate waste at the same rate; some may produce significantly more than others due to differences in business operations or seasonal fluctuations. A flat fee model could inadvertently incentivize higher waste generation because there is no direct financial consequence for producing more waste under such an arrangement. This can place additional strain on resources and infrastructure if not managed properly.


To mitigate these risks, companies might consider implementing tiered flat fee structures or offering incentives for reduced waste production. Tiered pricing allows for categorizing customers based on average expected volume, thus offering a more tailored approach that captures variations in usage patterns without completely abandoning the simplicity of flat fees.


Customer perception also plays a crucial role when implementing flat fee structures. Transparent communication about what services are included within the flat fee-such as frequency of pickups or types of acceptable materials-is essential to manage expectations and prevent disputes. Customers should feel confident that they are receiving value for their money, which means businesses must maintain high standards of service reliability and quality.




Understanding Flat Fee Arrangements in Waste Removal - LCD television

  1. sorting
  2. donation
  3. LCD television

Additionally, regulatory compliance presents another layer of complexity. Waste removal companies must ensure their operations adhere to local environmental regulations while executing efficient collection routes and maintaining safety standards. Any changes in legislation related to waste management practices could impact cost structures significantly and necessitate adjustments to existing pricing models.


In conclusion, while flat fee models introduce an appealing level of predictability for both service providers and consumers in the waste removal industry, successful implementation hinges on addressing several critical challenges: setting appropriate pricing strategies, managing variable customer needs effectively, ensuring transparent communication with clients, and remaining adaptable to regulatory changes. By strategically navigating these considerations, businesses can harness the advantages of flat fee arrangements while minimizing potential downsides.

Usage phase: maintenance and longevity

In the realm of waste removal services, pricing models can significantly influence both consumer choices and service provider strategies. Among the various pricing structures, two models stand out: the flat fee arrangement and the traditional pricing model. Understanding these models is crucial for anyone looking to optimize their waste management strategy, whether from a cost-saving perspective or in pursuit of more predictable expenses.


The flat fee arrangement in waste removal is straightforward. Customers pay a set price for a specified volume or frequency of waste collection services. This simplicity appeals to many because it allows for easy budgeting; clients know exactly what they will pay each month regardless of fluctuations in their waste output. For households or businesses with consistent waste production, this model often proves economical and efficient. Moreover, flat fees typically include all associated costs such as collection, transportation, and disposal, minimizing unexpected charges.


On the other hand, traditional pricing models are generally more variable and can include several components that affect the final bill. These might encompass base fees for service with additional charges based on weight or volume of waste collected. Some traditional contracts may also involve surcharges related to fuel prices or environmental levies. While this model can offer flexibility-potentially reducing costs if less waste is produced-it introduces uncertainty into budgeting efforts.


Comparing these two approaches requires an understanding of one's own needs and patterns in waste generation. For instance, businesses that produce large amounts of recyclable materials might find value in traditional models where sorting can lead to lower fees due to rebates on recyclables processed separately. Conversely, entities with steady but significant non-recyclable outputs might favor flat fees for their predictability and inclusive nature.


Beyond cost considerations, environmental impact plays a role in decision-making between these pricing schemes. Flat fee arrangements may not incentivize reduction in waste generation since costs remain constant regardless of output levels. Traditional models could encourage more sustainable practices by directly linking cost savings to reduced volumes.


Ultimately, choosing between a flat fee and a traditional pricing model involves evaluating priorities such as budget stability versus potential savings through efficiency improvements. Businesses should analyze their historical data on waste production to make informed decisions tailored to their operational realities.


In conclusion, both flat fee and traditional pricing models have merits depending on individual circumstances within the context of waste removal services. By understanding these differences and assessing internal needs accurately, consumers can choose the most effective approach that aligns with financial objectives while potentially fostering greater environmental responsibility.

End-of-Life Management for Electronic Devices

Understanding Flat Fee Arrangements in Waste Removal: Case Studies and Examples of Successful Flat Fee E-Waste Processing Initiatives


In an era marked by rapid technological advancement, the proliferation of electronic waste (e-waste) has emerged as a significant environmental challenge. Addressing this issue requires innovative solutions that not only promote sustainability but are also economically viable. One such approach is the adoption of flat fee arrangements in e-waste processing, which have proven to be successful in several instances around the globe. This essay explores these initiatives, highlighting their impact and effectiveness.


Flat fee arrangements in waste removal involve charging a single, predetermined rate for the collection and processing of e-waste, regardless of volume or weight. This model offers predictability and transparency for both service providers and consumers, fostering trust and encouraging participation from businesses and individuals alike. By examining case studies from various regions, we can glean insights into how these programs operate efficiently.


A notable example is the e-Stewards Initiative in Seattle, Washington. This program partners with local businesses to offer flat fee e-waste recycling services tailored to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). By simplifying cost structures through a flat fee model, the initiative has seen increased participation rates among SMEs that might otherwise be deterred by complex pricing systems. The success of this program lies in its ability to streamline operations while maintaining high environmental standards through certified recycling processes.


Similarly, Switzerland's national e-waste management system employs a flat fee model funded by advance recycling fees included in the purchase price of new electronics. This approach ensures that consumers contribute to recycling efforts upfront, creating a sustainable financial mechanism for ongoing waste processing activities. The Swiss program boasts one of the highest e-waste collection rates globally, demonstrating how predictable funding models can drive successful environmental outcomes.


In Australia, TechCollect-a government-backed initiative-has adopted a variation of the flat fee model by engaging manufacturers directly. Electronics producers pay into a collective fund based on market share assessments rather than per-item fees. This pooled resource funds free drop-off points across the country where consumers can easily dispose of electronic items responsibly. TechCollect's widespread network and simplified consumer process illustrate how shared industry responsibility combined with accessible services boosts public engagement.


These case studies reveal common themes underpinning successful flat fee e-waste processing initiatives: collaboration between stakeholders; clear communication regarding costs; robust infrastructure supporting easy access for participants; and commitment to environmentally sound practices throughout all stages from collection through final material recovery or disposal.


As technology continues evolving rapidly-and consequently generating more obsolete devices-it becomes increasingly important for communities worldwide to adopt effective strategies like those exhibited here underpinned by straightforward pricing mechanisms such as flat fees which facilitate greater involvement at every level within society thereby enhancing our collective ability tackle mounting environmental challenges head-on together today tomorrow beyond all timeframes imaginable ahead us now always forevermore indeed!



Understanding Flat Fee Arrangements in Waste Removal - donation

  1. fence
  2. credit card
  3. pricing
Identifying when a device reaches its end-of-life

As the world grapples with the mounting challenge of e-waste, innovative approaches are emerging to address both environmental concerns and economic efficiency. One such method gaining traction is the use of flat fee arrangements in waste removal, a concept that holds promise for transforming how e-waste is processed and managed.


Flat fee arrangements in waste removal refer to a pricing model where customers pay a fixed rate for services rendered, regardless of the volume or complexity of the task. This approach contrasts with traditional models where fees fluctuate based on weight, type, or quantity of waste. The simplicity and predictability of flat fees can be particularly appealing in the context of e-waste management.


The adoption of flat fee arrangements offers several potential benefits for both service providers and consumers. For consumers, this model provides clarity and financial predictability. Knowing the exact cost upfront allows businesses and individuals to budget more effectively without fear of hidden charges or unexpected expenses as their pile of obsolete electronics grows.


For service providers, flat fee arrangements offer an opportunity to streamline operations and enhance customer satisfaction. By standardizing fees, companies can simplify billing processes and reduce administrative burdens associated with tracking varying rates for different types or volumes of e-waste. Additionally, this pricing strategy can create a competitive advantage by attracting customers who prioritize transparency and straightforwardness in business transactions.


In terms of future trends, the integration of flat fee arrangements with advanced technologies could revolutionize how we handle e-waste. For instance, using sophisticated data analytics tools, companies could better predict costs associated with different types of electronic waste processing. These insights would allow them to set more accurate flat fees while ensuring profitability.


Moreover, as awareness about environmental sustainability grows, there is likely to be increased pressure on companies to adopt eco-friendly practices in e-waste management. Flat fee models can support these efforts by incentivizing efficient processing methods; companies will strive to minimize costs through innovations that improve recycling rates or repurpose valuable components from discarded electronics.


Furthermore, regulatory developments may also influence the future landscape of e-waste processing under flat fee arrangements. As governments implement stricter regulations aimed at reducing electronic waste's ecological footprint, businesses may find it advantageous to adopt transparent pricing strategies like flat fees that align with policy goals promoting responsible resource management.


In conclusion, understanding flat fee arrangements in waste removal reveals their potential as catalysts for positive change within the realm of e-waste processing. By offering predictable costs coupled with opportunities for operational efficiency gains through technology integration and adherence to evolving regulatory standards-this model stands poised not only reshape industry dynamics but also contribute meaningfully towards achieving sustainable solutions amidst growing global challenges related electronic waste disposal.

Utility trailer with a folded loading ramp
A boat on a single-axle trailer

A trailer is an unpowered vehicle towed by a powered vehicle. It is commonly used for the transport of goods and materials.

Sometimes recreational vehicles, travel trailers, or mobile homes with limited living facilities where people can camp or stay have been referred to as trailers. In earlier days, many such vehicles were towable trailers.

Alexander Winston is widely credited for inventing the trailer in Cleveland, Ohio.[1]

United States

[edit]

In the United States, the term is sometimes used interchangeably with travel trailer and mobile home, varieties of trailers, and manufactured housing designed for human habitation. Their origins lay in utility trailers built in a similar fashion to horse-drawn wagons. A trailer park is an area where mobile homes are placed for habitation.

In the United States trailers ranging in size from single-axle dollies to 6-axle, 13-foot-6-inch-high (4.1 m), 53-foot-long (16.2 m) semi-trailers are commonplace. The latter, when towed as part of a tractor-trailer or "18-wheeler", carries a large percentage of the freight that travels over land in North America.

Types

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ACP Backtracking genset trailer

Some trailers are made for personal (or small business) use with practically any powered vehicle having an appropriate hitch, but some trailers are part of large trucks called semi-trailer trucks for transportation of cargo.

Enclosed toy trailers and motorcycle trailers can be towed by commonly accessible pickup truck or van, which generally require no special permit beyond a regular driver's license. Specialized trailers like open-air motorcycle trailers, bicycle trailers are much smaller, accessible to small automobiles, as are some simple trailers, have a drawbar and ride on a single axle. Other trailers, such as utility trailers and travel trailers or campers come in single and multiple axle varieties, to allow for varying sizes of tow vehicles.

There also exist highly specialized trailers, such as genset trailers, pusher trailers and other types that are also used to power the towing vehicle. Others are custom-built to hold entire kitchens and other specialized equipment used by carnival vendors. There are also trailers for hauling boats.

Trackless train

[edit]
Touristic road train in Nantes, France. It has three trailers.
Main article: Trackless train

Utility

[edit]
See also: Off-road trailer

A utility trailer is a general purpose trailer designed to by towed by a light vehicle and to carry light, compact loads of up to a few metric tonnes. It typically has short metal sides (either rigid or folding) to constrain the load, and may have cage sides, and a rear folding gate or ramps. Utility trailers do not have a roof. Utility trailers have one axle set comprising one, two or three axles. If it does not have sides then it is usually called a flatbed or flat-deck trailer. If it has rails rather than sides, with ramps at the rear, it is usually called an open car transporter, auto-transporter, or a plant trailer, as they are designed to transport vehicles and mobile plant. If it has fully rigid sides and a roof with a rear door, creating a weatherproof compartment, this is usually called a furniture trailer, cargo trailer, box van trailer or box trailer.

Fixed Plant

[edit]
Towable EMSA Generator of Modiin Municipality

A Fixed Plant Trailer is a special purpose trailer built to carry units which usually are immobile such as large generators & pumps

Bicycle

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Main article: Bicycle trailer
Bicycle trailer of Japan

A bicycle trailer is a motor less wheeled frame with a hitch system for transporting cargo by bicycle.[2]

Construction

[edit]
Main article: Construction trailer
Construction trailer

Toilets are usually provided separately.[3]

Construction trailers are mobile structures (trailers) used to accommodate temporary offices, dining facilities and storage of building materials during construction projects. The trailers are equipped with radios for communication.

Travel

[edit]
Main article: Travel trailer
A custom-made popup camper trailer

Popular campers use lightweight trailers, aerodynamic trailers that can be towed by a small car, such as the BMW Air Camper. They are built to be lower than the tow vehicle, minimizing drag.

Others range from two-axle campers that can be pulled by most mid-sized pickups to trailers that are as long as the host country's law allows for drivers without special permits. Larger campers tend to be fully integrated recreational vehicles, which often are used to tow single-axle dolly trailers to allow the users to bring small cars on their travels.

Teardrop

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Main article: Teardrop trailer

Semi

[edit]
Main articles: Semi-trailer and Semi-trailer truck

A semi-trailer is a trailer without a front axle. A large proportion of its weight is supported either by a road tractor or by a detachable front axle assembly known as a dolly. A semi-trailer is normally equipped with legs, called "landing gear", which can be lowered to support it when it is uncoupled. In the United States, a single trailer cannot exceed a length of 57 ft 0 in (17.37 m) on interstate highways (unless a special permit is granted), although it is possible to link two smaller trailers together to a maximum length of 63 ft 0 in (19.20 m).

Semi-trailers vary considerably in design, ranging from open-topped grain haulers through Tautliners to normal-looking but refrigerated 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m) x 53 ft 0 in (16.15 m) enclosures ("reefers"). Many semi-trailers are part of semi-trailer trucks. Other types of semi-trailers include dry vans, flatbeds and chassis.

Many commercial organizations choose to rent or lease semi-trailer equipment rather than own their own semi-trailers, to free up capital and to keep trailer debt from appearing on their balance sheet.

  • Semi tank trailer in Japan
    Semi tank trailer in Japan
  • SinoTruk HOWO with flatbed trailer
    SinoTruk HOWO with flatbed trailer
  • LKW Kipper dump trailer
    LKW Kipper dump trailer
  • Sainsburys lorry refrigerated trailer
    Sainsburys lorry refrigerated trailer
  • A car carrier trailer
    A car carrier trailer
  • A truck pulling a semi-trailer using a trailer Dolly
    A truck pulling a semi-trailer using a trailer Dolly
  • Indian auto-rickshaw adapted with trailer
    Indian auto-rickshaw adapted with trailer

Full

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Full trailer with steered axle

A full trailer is a term used in the United States and New Zealand[4] for a freight trailer supported by front and rear axles and pulled by a drawbar. In Europe this is known as an A-frame drawbar trailer, and in Australia it is known as a dog trailer. Commercial freight trailers are produced to length and width specifications defined by the country of operation. In America this is 96 or 102 in (2.4 or 2.6 m) wide and 35 or 40 ft (11 or 12 m) long. In New Zealand, the maximum width is 2.55 m (100 in) while the maximum length is 11.5 m (38 ft), giving a 22-pallet capacity.

As per AIS 053, full trailer is a towed vehicle having at least two axles, and equipped with a towing device which can move vertically in relation to the trailer and controls the direction of the front axle(s), but which transmits no significant static load to the towing vehicle. Common types of full trailers are flat deck, hardside/box, curtainside or bathtub tipper style with axle configurations up to two at the drawbar end and three at the rear of the trailer.

This style of trailer is also popular for use with farm tractors.

 

Close-coupled

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A close-coupled trailer

A close-coupled trailer is fitted with a rigid towbar which projects from its front and hooks onto a hook on the tractor. It does not pivot as a drawbar does.

Motorcycle

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Main article: Motorcycle trailer
Interior of an enclosed motorcycle trailer

A motorcycle trailer may be a trailer designed to haul motorcycles behind an automobile or truck. Such trailers may be open or enclosed, ranging in size from trailers capable of carrying several motorcycles or only one. They may be designed specifically to carry motorcycles, with ramps and tie-downs, or may be a utility trailer adapted permanently or occasionally to haul one or more motorcycles.

Another type of motorcycle trailer is a wheeled frame with a hitch system designed for transporting cargo by motorcycle. Motorcycle trailers are often narrow and styled to match the appearance of the motorcycle they are intended to be towed behind. There are two-wheeled versions and single-wheeled versions. Single-wheeled trailers, such as the Unigo or Pav 40/41, are designed to allow the bike to have all the normal flexibility of a motorcycle, usually using a universal joint to enable the trailer to lean and turn with the motorcycle. No motorcycle manufacturer recommends that its motorcycles be used to tow a trailer because it results in additional safety hazards for motorcyclists.

 

Livestock

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See also: Horse trailer
A horse trailer

There are a number of different styles of trailers used to haul livestock such as cattle, horses, sheep and pigs. The most common is the stock trailer, a trailer that is enclosed on the bottom, but has openings at approximately the eye level of the animals to allow ventilation. The horse trailer is a more elaborate form of stock trailer. Because horses are usually hauled for the purpose of competition or work, where they must be in peak physical condition, horse trailers are designed for the comfort and safety of the animals. They usually have adjustable vents and windows as well as suspension designed to provide a smooth ride and less stress on the animals. In addition, horse trailers have internal partitions that assist the animal in staying upright during travel and protect horses from injuring each other in transit. Larger horse trailers may incorporate additional storage areas for horse tack and may even include elaborate living quarters with sleeping areas, bathroom and cooking facilities, and other comforts.

Lowe Boats Sea Nymph recreational fishing boat on a boat trailer

Both stock trailers and horse trailers range in size from small units capable of holding one to three animals, able to be pulled by a pickup truck, SUV or even a quad bike; to large semi-trailers that can haul a significant number of animals.

Boat

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Main article: Boat trailer

Roll trailer

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Maritime shipping Mafi Roll trailer
Main article: Roll trailer

Baggage trailer

[edit]
Main article: airport dolly
A single trailer for an aircraft cargo unit load device, next to a group of trailers for loose luggage

Baggage trailers are used for the transportation of loose baggage, oversized bags, mail bags, loose cargo carton boxes, etc. between the aircraft and the terminal or sorting facility. Dollies for loose baggage are fitted with a brake system which blocks the wheels from moving when the connecting rod is not attached to a tug. Most dollies for loose baggage are completely enclosed except for the sides which use plastic curtains to protect items from weather. In the US, these dollies are called baggage carts, but in Europe baggage cart means passenger baggage trolleys.

 
Mammoet Tii Hydraulic modular trailer attached to a Mercedes ballast tractor moving front end loader

Hydraulic modular trailer

[edit]
Main article: Hydraulic modular trailer

A hydraulic modular trailer (HMT) is a special platform trailer unit which feature swing axles, hydraulic suspension, independently steerable axles, two or more axle rows, compatible to join two or more units longitudinally and laterally and uses power pack unit (PPU) to steer and adjust height. These trailer units are used to transport oversized load, which are difficult to disassemble and are overweight. These trailers are manufactured using high tensile steel, which makes it  possible to bear the weight of the load with the help of one or more ballast tractors which push and pull these units via drawbar or gooseneck together making a heavy hauler unit.

Typical loads include oil rig modules, bridge sections, buildings, ship sections, and industrial machinery such as generators and turbines. There is a limited number of manufacturers who produce these heavy-duty trailers because the market share of oversized loads is very thin when we talk about transportation industry. There are self powered units of hydraulic modular trailer which are called SPMT which are used when the ballast tractors can not be applied.

Bus trailer

[edit]
Main article: Trailer bus

A bus trailer is for transporting passengers hauled by a tractor unit similar like that of a truck. These trailers have become obsolete due to the issue of the communication between the driver and the conductor and traffic jams.[citation needed]

  • Camel bus in Havana
    Camel bus in Havana
  • Karosa NO 80 trailer bus
    Karosa NO 80 trailer bus
  • Bus trailer in Lauterbrunnen
    Bus trailer in Lauterbrunnen

Hitching

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Main articles: Tow hitch, Fifth wheel coupling, and Ringfeder
Trailer-hitch on a large vehicle

A trailer hitch, fifth-wheel coupling or other type of tow hitch is needed to draw a trailer with a car, truck or other traction engine.

Ball and socket

[edit]

A trailer coupler is used to secure the trailer to the towing vehicle. The trailer coupler attaches to the trailer ball. This forms a ball and socket connection to allow for relative movement between the towing vehicle and trailer while towing over uneven road surfaces. The trailer ball is mounted to the rear bumper or to a draw bar, which may be removable. The draw bar is secured to the trailer hitch by inserting it into the hitch receiver and pinning it. The three most common types of couplers are straight couplers, A-frame couplers, and adjustable couplers. Bumper-pull hitches and draw bars can exert tremendous leverage on the tow vehicle making it harder to recover from a swerving situation.

Fifth wheel and gooseneck

[edit]

 

A gooseneck trailer attached to a pickup truck
Gooseneck trailer

These are available for loads between 10,000 and 30,000 pounds (4.5–13.6 t; 5.0–15.0 short tons; 4.5–13.4 long tons).[5][6] Both the hitches are better than a receiver hitch and allow a more efficient and central attachment of a large trailer to the tow vehicle. They can haul large loads without disrupting the stability of the vehicle. Traditional hitches are connected to the rear of the vehicle at the frame or bumper, while fifth wheel and gooseneck trailers are attached to the truck bed above the rear axle. This coupling location allows the truck to make sharper turns and haul heavier trailers. They can be mounted in the bed of a pickup truck or any type of flatbed. A fifth-wheel coupling is also referred to as a kingpin hitch and is a smaller version of the semi-trailer "fifth wheel". Though a fifth wheel and a gooseneck trailer look much the same, their method for coupling is different. A fifth wheel uses a large horseshoe-shaped coupling device mounted 1 foot (0.30 m) or more above the bed of the tow vehicle. A gooseneck couples to a standard 2+5⁄16-inch (59 mm) ball mounted on the bed of the tow vehicle. The operational difference between the two is the range of movement in the hitch. The gooseneck is very maneuverable and can tilt in all directions, while the fifth wheel is intended for level roads and limited tilt side to side. Gooseneck mounts are often used for agricultural and industrial trailers. Fifth-wheel mounts are often used for recreational trailers. Standard bumper-hitch trailers typically allow a 10% or 15% hitch load while a fifth wheel and gooseneck can handle 20% or 25% weight transfer.

Jacks

[edit]

The basic function of a trailer jack is to lift the trailer to a height that allows the trailer to be hitched or unhitched to and from the towing vehicle. Trailer jacks are also used for leveling the trailer during storage. The most common types of trailer jacks are A-frame jacks, swivel jacks, and drop-leg jacks. Some trailers, such as horse trailers, have a built-in jack at the tongue for this purpose.

Electrical components

[edit]

Many older cars took the feeds for the trailer's lights directly from the towing vehicle's rear light circuits. As bulb-check systems were introduced in the 1990s "by-pass relays" were introduced. These took a small signal from the rear lights to switch a relay which in turn powered the trailer's lights with its own power feed. Many towing electrical installations, including vehicle-specific kits incorporate some form of bypass relays.

In the US, trailer lights usually have a shared light for brake and turn indicators. If such a trailer is to be connected to a car with separate lamps for turn indicator and brake a trailer light converter is needed, which allows for attaching the trailer's lights to the wiring of the vehicle.

Nowadays some vehicles are being fitted with CANbus networks, and some of these use the CANbus to connect the tow bar electrics to various safety systems and controls. For vehicles that use the CANbus to activate towing-related safety systems, a wiring kit that can interact appropriately must be used. Without such a towbar wiring kit the vehicle cannot detect the presence of a trailer and can therefore not activate safety features such as trailer stability program which can electronically control a snaking trailer or caravan.

By-pass systems are cheap, but may not be appropriate on cars with interactive safety features.

Brakes

[edit]
Bus and trailer in Saskatchewan, Canada

Larger trailers are usually fitted with brakes. These can be either electrically operated, air operated, or overrun brakes.

Stability

[edit]

Trailer stability can be defined as the tendency of a trailer to dissipate side-to-side motion. The initial motion may be caused by aerodynamic forces, such as from a cross wind or a passing vehicle. One common criterion for stability is the center of mass location with respect to the wheels, which can usually be detected by tongue weight. If the center of mass of the trailer is behind its wheels, therefore having a negative tongue weight, the trailer will likely be unstable. Another parameter which is less commonly a factor is the trailer moment of inertia. Even if the center of mass is forward of the wheels, a trailer with a long load, and thus large moment of inertia, may be unstable.[7]

Some vehicles are equipped with a Trailer Stability Program that may be able to compensate for improper loading.

See also

[edit]
  • Electric vehicle battery
  • Towing
  • Tractor unit
  • Trailer brake controller
  • Vehicle category
  • Walking floor

List of types of trailers

[edit]
  • Bicycle trailer
  • Boat trailer
  • Bus trailer
  • Compressed hydrogen tube trailer
  • Construction trailer
  • Dolly
  • Dump trailer
  • Enclosed cargo trailer
  • Flat deck trailer
  • Frac Tank
  • Forestry trailer
  • Genset trailer
  • Horse trailer
  • Hydraulic modular trailer
  • Jeep trailer
  • Liquid hydrogen trailer
  • Lowboy (trailer)
  • Mafi roll trailer
  • Mobile home
  • Motorcycle trailer
  • Popup camper
  • Pusher trailer
  • Roll trailer
  • Semi-trailer
  • Solar trailer (for solar vehicles)
  • Tautliner
  • Tank trailer
  • Travel trailer
  • Food truck
  • Mobile catering

References

[edit]
  1. ^ boxwheeladmin (2020-06-17). "Interesting Facts About Semi Trailers and Their History". Boxwheel Trailer Leasing. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  2. ^ Cycles. Cycle trailers. Safety requirements and test methods, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2024-09-20
  3. ^ "Construction trailer Definition".
  4. ^ "What is a full trailer". Driving Tests Resources. 19 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Gooseneck Trailer Hitch Information and Review | etrailer.com". www.etrailer.com. Retrieved 2017-07-22.
  6. ^ "How To Install Gooseneck Hitches". www.hitchesguide.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-22.cite web: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. ^ Karnopp, Dean (2004). Vehicle Stability. CRC Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780203913567. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
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Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipelines, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables human trade, which is essential for the development of civilizations.

Transport infrastructure consists of both fixed installations, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fuel docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for the interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Means of transport are any of the different kinds of transport facilities used to carry people or cargo. They may include vehicles, riding animals, and pack animals. Vehicles may include wagons, automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft, and aircraft.

Modes

[edit]
Main article: Mode of transport
Various modes of transport in Manchester, England

A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a certain type of vehicle, infrastructure, and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, with the latter case being called inter-modal or multi-modal transport. Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen on the basis of cost, capability, and route.

Governments deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose, including financing, legalities, and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

Human-powered

[edit]
Main article: Human-powered transport
Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries.

Human-powered transport, a form of sustainable transport, is the transport of people or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running, and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

Animal-powered

[edit]
Main article: Animal-powered transport

Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and commodities. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Air

[edit]
Main article: Aviation
White jet aircraft coming into land, undercarriage fully extended. Under each wing is a turbofan engine
An Air France Airbus A318 landing at London Heathrow Airport

A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called an airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure for maintenance, restocking, and refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo, and passengers.[1] While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take-off and landing on ice, snow, and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-engine aircraft 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incurs high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places, helicopters can be used.[2] As of April 28, 2009, The Guardian article notes that "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time."[3]

Land

[edit]
Main article: Land transport

Land transport covers all land-based transport systems that provide for the movement of people, goods, and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in urban planning. It consists of two kinds, rail and road.

Rail

[edit]
Main article: Rail transport
White electric train with red cheatline emerging from tunnel in the countryside
Intercity Express, a German high-speed passenger train
The Beijing Subway is one of the world's largest and busiest rapid transit networks.

Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete, or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that operate on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, by diesel, or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics, and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[4] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

Road

[edit]
Main article: Road transport
Road transport

A road is an identifiable route, way, or path between two or more places.[5] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[6] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[7] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[8]

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. As of 2010, there were 1.015 billion automobiles worldwide. Road transport offers complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door-to-door service only by road transport.

Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity, but require high energy and area use, and are the main source of harmful noise and air pollution in cities;[9] buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[4] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

Water

[edit]
Main article: Maritime transport
Automobile ferry in Croatia

Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat, ship, or sailboat—over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal, or river. The need for buoyancy is common to watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance, and appearance.

In the 19th century, the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced in a boiler using wood or coal and fed through a steam external combustion engine. Now most ships have an internal combustion engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers or, in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. (See Marine propulsion.)

Although it is slow compared to other transport, modern sea transport is a highly efficient method of transporting large quantities of goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[10] Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping;[11] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[12][13]

Other modes

[edit]
Oil pipeline winding through cold Alaskan country-side. In the background are mountains, partly snow-capped
Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil

Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water, and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramways, elevators, and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport outside Earth's atmosphere by means of a spacecraft. It is most frequently used for satellites placed in Earth orbit. However, human spaceflight mission have landed on the Moon and are occasionally used to rotate crew-members to space stations. Uncrewed spacecraft have also been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

Suborbital spaceflight is the fastest of the existing and planned transport systems from a place on Earth to a distant "other place" on Earth. Faster transport could be achieved through part of a low Earth orbit or by following that trajectory even faster, using the propulsion of the rocket to steer it.

Elements

[edit]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Main article: Infrastructure
Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water.
Tunnels, such as the Tampere Tunnel, allow traffic to pass underground or through rock formations.

Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a roadway, a terminal, and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road, and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be constructed. Air and watercraft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be constructed. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports, and stations, are locations where passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders, who are interchanging between modes, to take advantage of each mode's benefits. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centres and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operate from simple stops.[14] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports, are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can have high costs and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners, therefore, impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. Because of poor forecasting and overestimation of passenger numbers by planners, there is frequently a benefits shortfall for transport infrastructure projects.[15]

Means of transport

[edit]

Animals

[edit]

Animals used in transportation include pack animals and riding animals.

Vehicles

[edit]
Main article: Vehicle
A Fiat Uno in 2018
Customized motorcycle to maximize load capacity. Mobility is important for motorcycles, which are primarily used for transporting light cargo in urban areas.

A vehicle is a non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled/pushed by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, jet engine, or rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers, and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment, seat, or platform for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles, or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. Recently, the progress related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution has brought a lot of new emerging technologies for transportation and automotive fields such as Connected Vehicles and Autonomous Driving. These innovations are said to form future mobility, but concerns remain on safety and cybersecurity, particularly concerning connected and autonomous mobility.[16]

Operation

[edit]
Tilted aerial view of modern airport. Aircraft are parked next to "arms" that extend from the central building
Incheon International Airport, South Korea

Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[17] but ports can be public-owned.[18]

Policy

[edit]
Further information: List of ministries of transport by country and Traffic management

As the population of the world increases, cities grow in size and population—according to the United Nations, 55% of the world's population live in cities, and by 2050 this number is expected to rise to 68%.[19] Public transport policy must evolve to meet the changing priorities of the urban world.[20] The institution of policy enforces order in transport, which is by nature chaotic as people attempt to travel from one place to another as fast as possible. This policy helps to reduce accidents and save lives.

Functions

[edit]

Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Passenger

[edit]
Main articles: Travel and Public transit
Light green, orange, and white bus stopping in front of multi-story building.
A local transit bus operated by ACTION in Canberra, Australia

Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting or for business, leisure, or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams, and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches, and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

Taxis and buses can be found on both ends of the public transport spectrum. Buses are the cheapest mode of transport but are not necessarily flexible, and taxis are very flexible but more expensive. In the middle is demand-responsive transport, offering flexibility whilst remaining affordable.

International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.

Medical

[edit]
An ambulance from World War I

An ambulance is a vehicle used to transport people from or between places of treatment,[21] and in some instances will also provide out-of-hospital medical care to the patient. The word is often associated with road-going "emergency ambulances", which form part of emergency medical services, administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems.

Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transport to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes. Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations, aboard helicopters, propeller aircraft, or jet aircraft.[22][23]

Freight

[edit]
Main article: Shipping
A bulk carrier, BW Fjord

Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[24] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[25] Transport creates place utility by moving the goods from the place of production to the place of consumption.[26] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[27] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling, and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[28] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[29]

Freight train with shipping containers in the United Kingdom

Containerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering a huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[30]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals, and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[31] In addition to mail, common items sent by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

Industry

[edit]
Main article: Transport industry

Impact

[edit]
Main article: Sustainable transport

Economic

[edit]
Main article: Transport economics
Skyline of city at dusk. A major highway winds itself into the downtown area.
Transport is a key component of growth and globalization, such as in Seattle, Washington, United States.

Transport is a key necessity for specialization—allowing production and consumption of products to occur at different locations. Throughout history, transport has been a spur to expansion; better transport allows more trade and a greater spread of people. Economic growth has always been dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport.[32] But the infrastructure and operation of transport have a great impact on the land, and transport is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability a major issue.

Due to the way modern cities and communities are planned and operated, a physical distinction between home and work is usually created, forcing people to transport themselves to places of work, study, or leisure, as well as to temporarily relocate for other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence of tourism, a major part of recreational transport. Commerce requires the transport of people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face communication for important decisions or to move specialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed.

In lean thinking, transporting materials or work in process from one location to another is seen as one of the seven wastes (Japanese term: muda) which do not add value to a product.[33]

Planning

[edit]
Main article: Transport planning

Transport planning allows for high use and less impact regarding new infrastructure. Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict future transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to plan transport as part of the supply chain. Transport as a field is also studied through transport economics, a component for the creation of regulation policy by authorities. Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, must take into account trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and route assignment, while the operative level is handled through traffic engineering.

Aerial view of roundabout, a junction of several streets. Vehicles traverse around the roundabout, which is surrounded by buildings, mostly multi-storey
The engineering of this roundabout in Bristol, United Kingdom, attempts to make traffic flow free-moving.

Because of the negative impacts incurred, transport often becomes the subject of controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity. Automotive transport can be seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the flexibility and comfort for the individual deteriorate the natural and urban environment for all. Density of development depends on mode of transport, with public transport allowing for better spatial use. Good land use keeps common activities close to people's homes and places higher-density development closer to transport lines and hubs, to minimize the need for transport. There are economies of agglomeration. Beyond transport, some land uses are more efficient when clustered. Transport facilities consume land, and in cities pavement (devoted to streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste.

Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput mean that in many cities there is too much traffic and many—if not all—of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places; as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on—spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociology, and economics—the viability of the old mobility solutions is increasingly being questioned.

 

Environment

[edit]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Global greenhouse gas emissions from transportation:[34]

  Cars (40%)
  Trucks (34%)
  Planes (11%)
  Boats (11%)
  Trains (4%)
Main article: Environmental impact of transport
Looking down a busy road, which is banked on both sides by tall buildings, some of which are covered in advertisement billboards
Traffic congestion persists in São Paulo, Brazil, despite the no-drive days based on license numbers.

Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide,[35] for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.[36] By sub-sector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.[37] Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced individual vehicles' emissions; however, this has been offset by increases in the numbers of vehicles and in the use of each vehicle.[35] Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied.[38][39] Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, as well as increased transport electrification and energy efficiency.

Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transport emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog, and climate change.[40]

While electric cars are being built to cut down CO2 emission at the point of use, an approach that is becoming popular among cities worldwide is to prioritize public transport, bicycles, and pedestrian movement. Redirecting vehicle movement to create 20-minute neighbourhoods[41] that promotes exercise while greatly reducing vehicle dependency and pollution. Some policies are levying a congestion charge[42] to cars for travelling within congested areas during peak time.

Airplane emissions change depending on the flight distance. It takes a lot of energy to take off and land, so longer flights are more efficient per mile traveled. However, longer flights naturally use more fuel in total. Short flights produce the most CO2 per passenger mile, while long flights produce slightly less.[43][44] Things get worse when planes fly high in the atmosphere.[45][46] Their emissions trap much more heat than those released at ground level. This isn't just because of CO2, but a mix of other greenhouse gases in the exhaust.[47][48] City buses produce about 0.3 kg of CO2 for every mile traveled per passenger. For long-distance bus trips (over 20 miles), that pollution drops to about 0.08 kg of CO2 per passenger mile.[49][43] On average, commuter trains produce around 0.17 kg of CO2 for each mile traveled per passenger. Long-distance trains are slightly higher at about 0.19 kg of CO2 per passenger mile.[49][43][50] The fleet emission average for delivery vans, trucks and big rigs is 10.17 kg (22.4 lb) CO2 per gallon of diesel consumed. Delivery vans and trucks average about 7.8 mpg (or 1.3 kg of CO2 per mile) while big rigs average about 5.3 mpg (or 1.92 kg of CO2 per mile).[51][52]

Sustainable development

[edit]

The United Nations first formally recognized the role of transport in sustainable development in the 1992 United Nations Earth summit. In the 2012 United Nations World Conference, global leaders unanimously recognized that transport and mobility are central to achieving the sustainability targets. In recent years, data has been collected to show that the transport sector contributes to a quarter of the global greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore sustainable transport has been mainstreamed across several of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, especially those related to food, security, health, energy, economic growth, infrastructure, and cities and human settlements. Meeting sustainable transport targets is said to be particularly important to achieving the Paris Agreement.[53]

There are various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are promoting sustainable transport to meet the defined goals. These include SDG 3 on health (increased road safety), SDG 7 on energy, SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth, SDG 9 on resilient infrastructure, SDG 11 on sustainable cities (access to transport and expanded public transport), SDG 12 on sustainable consumption and production (ending fossil fuel subsidies), and SDG 14 on oceans, seas, and marine resources.[54]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of transport
Further information: Timeline of transportation technology
Bronocice pot with the earliest known image of a wheeled vehicle in the world, found in Poland
A bullock team hauling wool in Australia

Natural

[edit]

Humans' first ways to move included walking, running, and swimming. The domestication of animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and the sled (U.K. sledge) helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles.

The first forms of road transport involved animals, such as horses (domesticated in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BCE), oxen (from about 8000 BCE),[55] or humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails.

Water transport

[edit]

Water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities that grew up as sites for trading being located on rivers or on the sea-shore, often at the intersection of two bodies of water.

Mechanical

[edit]

Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption gravitated as close to each other as feasible.[citation needed] The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw several inventions fundamentally change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of the transport of physical objects. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased, allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independently of natural resources. The 19th century also saw the development of the steam ship, which sped up global transport.

With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile around 1900, road transport became more competitive again, and mechanical private transport originated. The first "modern" highways were constructed during the 19th century[citation needed] with macadam. Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving materials.

The Wright brothers' first flight in 1903

In 1903 the Wright brothers demonstrated the first successful controllable airplane, and after World War I (1914–1918) aircraft became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances.[56]

After World War II (1939–1945) the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger services.[57] Scientific spaceflight began in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the 1950s the introduction of containerization gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, fostering globalization.[30] International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s with the commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and motorways, rail and water transport declined in relative importance. After the introduction of the Shinkansen in Japan in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started attracting passengers on long-haul routes away from the airlines.[57]

Early in U.S. history,[when?] private joint-stock corporations owned most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels. Most such transport infrastructure came under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the nationalization of inter-city passenger rail-service with the establishment of Amtrak. Recently,[when?] however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some[quantify] ground and adherents.[58]

See also

[edit]
  • Car-free movement
  • Energy efficiency in transport
  • Environmental impact of aviation
  • Free public transport
  • Green transport hierarchy
  • Health and environmental impact of transport
  • Health impact of light rail systems
  • IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
  • Journal of Transport and Land Use
  • List of emerging transportation technologies
  • Outline of transport
  • Personal rapid transit
  • Public transport
  • Public transport accessibility level
  • Rail transport by country
  • Speed record
  • Taxicabs by country
  • Transport divide
  • Transportation engineering

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Crawford, Amy (2021-10-25). "Could flying electric 'air taxis' help fix urban transportation?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  2. ^ Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 281.
  3. ^ Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.
  4. ^ a b Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 279.
  5. ^ "Major Roads of the United States". United States Department of the Interior. 2006-03-13. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  6. ^ "Road Infrastructure Strategic Framework for South Africa". National Department of Transport (South Africa). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  7. ^ Lay 1992, pp. 6–7.
  8. ^ "What is the difference between a road and a street?". Word FAQ. Lexico Publishing Group. 2007. Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  9. ^ Harvey, Fiona (2020-03-05). "One in five Europeans exposed to harmful noise pollution – study". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2020-03-05. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
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  13. ^ Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 280.
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  15. ^ Flyvbjerg, Bent; Skamris Holm, Mette K.; Buhl, Søren L. (2005-06-30). "How (In)accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects?: The Case of Transportation". Journal of the American Planning Association. 71 (2): 131–146. arXiv:1303.6654. doi:10.1080/01944360508976688. ISSN 0194-4363.
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  19. ^ Meredith, Sam (2018-05-17). "Two-thirds of global population will live in cities by 2050, UN says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
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  21. ^ Skinner, Henry Alan. 1949, "The Origin of Medical Terms". Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins
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  24. ^ Chopra & Meindl 2007, p. 3.
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  26. ^ McLeod, Sam; Curtis, Carey (2020-03-14). "Understanding and Planning for Freight Movement in Cities: Practices and Challenges". Planning Practice & Research. 35 (2): 201–219. doi:10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660. ISSN 0269-7459. S2CID 214463529. Archived from the original on 2022-07-30. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
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  28. ^ Bardi, Coyle & Novack 2006, p. 4.
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  31. ^ Chopra & Meindl 2007, p. 328.
  32. ^ Stopford 1997, p. 2.
  33. ^ EKU Online, The Seven Wastes of Lean Manufacturing Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Eastern Kentucky University, accessed 6 March 2023
  34. ^ International Council on Clean Transportation, A world of thoughts on Phase 2 Archived 2018-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, 16 September 2016 (page visited on 18 November 2018).
  35. ^ a b Fuglestvet; et al. (2007). "Climate forcing from the transport sectors" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (2). Center for International Climate and Environmental Research: 454–458. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105..454F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702958104. PMC 2206557. PMID 18180450. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
  36. ^ Worldwatch Institute (16 January 2008). "Analysis: Nano Hypocrisy?". Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  37. ^ Jan Fuglestvedt; et al. (Jan 15, 2008). "Climate forcing from the transport sectors" (PDF). PNAS. 105 (2): 454–458. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105..454F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702958104. PMC 2206557. PMID 18180450. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  38. ^ "Claverton-Energy.com". Claverton-Energy.com. 2009-02-17. Archived from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  39. ^ Data on the barriers and motivators to more sustainable transport behaviour is available in the UK Department for Transport study "Climate Change and Transport Choices Archived 2011-05-30 at the Wayback Machine" published in December 2010.
  40. ^ Environment Canada. "Transportation". Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
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  44. ^ "[SafeClimate] measuring and reporting | tools". Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  45. ^ I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group (1995-05-04). Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC 1992 IS92 Emission Scenarios. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55962-1.
  46. ^ Dempsey, Paul Stephen; Jakhu, Ram S. (2016-07-15). Routledge Handbook of Public Aviation Law. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-29775-0.
  47. ^ Schumann, Ulrich (2011). "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: Potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation by flight level changes" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  48. ^ Lee D.S., Pitari G., Grewe V., Gierens K., Penner J.E., Petzold A., Prather M.J., Schumann U., Bais A., Berntsen T., Iachetti D., Lim L.L., Sausen R. (2010). Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation. In – Atmospheric Environment Transport Impacts on Atmosphere and Climate: The ATTICA Assessment Report. 44:37:pp.4678-4734.
  49. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2010-04-23.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ^ "'Dramatically more powerful': world's first battery-electric freight train unveiled". the Guardian. 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  51. ^ "403 - Forbidden: Access is denied" (PDF).
  52. ^ Endresen, Øyvind; Sørgård, Eirik; Sundet, Jostein K.; Dalsøren, Stig B.; Isaksen, Ivar S. A.; Berglen, Tore F.; Gravir, Gjermund (2003-09-16). "Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 108 (D17): 4560. Bibcode:2003JGRD..108.4560E. doi:10.1029/2002JD002898. ISSN 2156-2202.
  53. ^ "Sustainable transport". Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  54. ^ "Sustainable transport at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)". Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Archived from the original on 2020-10-15. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  55. ^ Watts, Martin (1999). Working Oxen. Shire Album. Vol. 342. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire: Osprey Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-0747804154. Retrieved 2016-02-08. [...] tamed aurochs became the first domestic oxen. The earliest evidence for domestication is found in the Middle East around ten thousand years ago.
  56. ^ Bardi, Coyle & Novack 2006, p. 158.
  57. ^ a b Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 277.
  58. ^ Winston, Clifford (2010). Last exit: privatization and deregulation of the U.S. transportation system. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-0473-7. OCLC 635492422.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bardi, Edward; Coyle, John & Novack, Robert (2006). Management of Transportation. Australia: Thomson South-Western. ISBN 0-324-31443-4. OCLC 62259402.
  • Chopra, Sunil & Meindl, Peter (2007). Supply chain management : strategy, planning, and operation (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-208608-0. OCLC 63808135.
  • Cooper, Christopher P.; Shepherd, Rebecca (1998). Tourism: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times Prent. Int. ISBN 978-0-582-31273-9. OCLC 39945061. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  • Lay, Maxwell G (1992). Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2691-4. OCLC 804297312.
  • Stopford, Martin (1997). Maritime Economics (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15310-7. OCLC 36824728.

Further reading

[edit]
  • McKibben, Bill, "Toward a Land of Buses and Bikes" (review of Ben Goldfarb, Crossings: How Road Ecology Is Shaping the Future of Our Planet, Norton, 2023, 370 pp.; and Henry Grabar, Paved Paradise: How Parking Explains the World, Penguin Press, 2023, 346 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXX, no. 15 (5 October 2023), pp. 30–32. "Someday in the not impossibly distant future, if we manage to prevent a global warming catastrophe, you could imagine a post-auto world where bikes and buses and trains are ever more important, as seems to be happening in Europe at the moment." (p. 32.)
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport.
 
Look up transport or transportation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Transport.
 
Wikivoyage has travel related information for Transportation.
  • Transportation from UCB Libraries GovPubs
  • America On the Move Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine An online transportation exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
 
 
 
 
 

 

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